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- Holmberg, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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A randomized trial comparing radical prostatectomy with watchful waiting in early prostate cancer
- 2002
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Ingår i: New England Journal of Medicine. - 0028-4793 .- 1533-4406. ; 347:11, s. 781-789
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Radical prostatectomy is widely used in the treatment of early prostate cancer. The possible survival benefit of this treatment, however, is unclear. We conducted a randomized trial to address this question. METHODS: From October 1989 through February 1999, 695 men with newly diagnosed prostate cancer in International Union against Cancer clinical stage T1b, T1c, or T2 were randomly assigned to watchful waiting or radical prostatectomy. We achieved complete follow-up through the year 2000 with blinded evaluation of causes of death. The primary end point was death due to prostate cancer, and the secondary end points were overall mortality, metastasis-free survival, and local progression. RESULTS: During a median of 6.2 years of follow-up, 62 men in the watchful-waiting group and 53 in the radical-prostatectomy group died (P=0.31). Death due to prostate cancer occurred in 31 of 348 of those assigned to watchful waiting (8.9 percent) and in 16 of 347 of those assigned to radical prostatectomy (4.6 percent) (relative hazard, 0.50; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.27 to 0.91; P=0.02). Death due to other causes occurred in 31 of 348 men in the watchful-waiting group (8.9 percent) and in 37 of 347 men in the radical-prostatectomy group (10.6 percent). The men assigned to surgery had a lower relative risk of distant metastases than the men assigned to watchful waiting (relative hazard, 0.63; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.41 to 0.96). CONCLUSIONS: In this randomized trial, radical prostatectomy significantly reduced disease-specific mortality, but there was no significant difference between surgery and watchful waiting in terms of overall survival.
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| 3. |
- Sjögren, Tove, et al.
(författare)
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Protein crystallography in a vapour steam : data collection, reaction initiation and intermediate trapping in naked hydrated protein crystals
- 2002
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Ingår i: Journal of applied crystallography. - 0021-8898 .- 1600-5767. ; 35:1, s. 113-116
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A procedure is presented for experiments on naked unfrozen protein crystals with the crystal mounted in a conventional cryo-loop and surrounded by a stream of a wet gas. The composition and temperature of the vapour stream can be adjusted to keep the crystal without deterioration for many hours. The arrangement allows (i) for rapidly testing crystals for diffraction before freezing, (ii) for data collection between 268-303 K with greatly reduced background, (iii) for the controlled drying or wetting of crystals, (iv) for the anaerobic manipulation of protein crystals, and (v) for the introduction of gaseous or volatile ingredients and reactants into the crystal. The technique offers new experimental possibilities, e.g. in time-resolved structural studies. Reaction initiation in many protein crystals can be achieved by changing the composition of the vapour stream to create a new chemical environment around the crystal and to introduce substrates/reactants either in the gas phase or as microdroplets. Spectral changes during such reactions can be monitored by single-crystal microspectrophotometry, and, once an intermediate has been detected at high concentrations, the crystal can be frozen, e.g. by rapidly switching the warm vapour stream to a cryogenically cooled helium or nitrogen jet. Representative examples are presented in this paper.
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