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| 2. |
- Bentayeb, Malek, et al.
(författare)
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Indoor air quality, ventilation and respiratory health in elderly residents Living in nursing homes in Europe
- 2015
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Ingår i: European Respiratory Journal. - : European Respiratory Society (ERS). - 0903-1936 .- 1399-3003. ; 45:5, s. 1228-1238
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Few data exist on respiratory effects of indoor air quality and comfort parameters in the elderly. In the context of the GERIE study, we investigated for the first time the relationships of these factors to respiratory morbidity among elderly people permanently living in nursing homes in seven European countries. 600 elderly people from 50 nursing homes underwent a medical examination and completed a standardised questionnaire. Air quality and comfort parameters were objectively assessed in situ in the nursing home. Mean concentrations of air pollutants did not exceed the existing standards. Forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity ratio was highly significantly related to elevated levels of particles with a 50% cut-off aerodynamic diameter of <0.1 mu m (PM0.1) (adjusted OR 8.16, 95% CI 2.24-29.3) and nitrogen dioxide (aOR 3.74, 95% CI 1.06-13.1). Excess risks for usual breathlessness and cough were found with elevated PM10 (aOR 1.53 (95% CI 1.15-2.07) and aOR 1.73 (95% CI 1.17-10.3), respectively) and nitrogen dioxide (aOR 1.58 (95% CI 1.15-2.20) and aOR 1.56 (95% CI 1.03-2.41), respectively). Excess risks for wheeze in the past year were found with PM0.1 (aOR 2.82, 95% CI 1.15-7.02) and for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and exhaled carbon monoxide with formaldehyde (aOR 3.49 (95% CI 1.17-10.3) and aOR 1.25 (95% CI 1.02-1.55), respectively). Breathlessness and cough were associated with higher carbon dioxide. Relative humidity was inversely related to wheeze in the past year and usual cough. Elderly subjects aged >= 80 years were at higher risk. Pollutant effects were more pronounced in the case of poor ventilation. Even at low levels, indoor air quality affected respiratory health in elderly people permanently living in nursing homes, with frailty increasing with age. The effects were modulated by ventilation.
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| 3. |
- Nordberg, Gunnar, et al.
(författare)
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Risk assessment of effects of cadmium on human health (IUPAC Technical Report)
- 2018
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Ingår i: Pure and Applied Chemistry. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 0033-4545 .- 1365-3075. ; 90:4, s. 755-808
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Chemistry and Human Health, Division VII of the International Union on Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), provides guidance on risk assessment methodology and, as appropriate, assessment of risks to human health from chemicals of exceptional toxicity. The aim of this document is to describe dose-response relationships for the health effects of low-level exposure to cadmium, in particular, with an emphasis on causation. The term "cadmium" in this document includes all chemical species of cadmium, as well as those in cadmium compounds. Diet is the main source of cadmium exposure in the general population. Smokers and workers in cadmium industries have additional exposure. Adverse effects have been shown in populations with high industrial or environmental exposures. Epidemiological studies in general populations have also reported statistically significant associations with a number of adverse health effects at low exposures. Cadmium is recognized as a human carcinogen, a classification mainly based on occupational studies of lung cancer. Other cancers have been reported, but dose-response relationships cannot be defined. Cardiovascular disease has been associated with cadmium exposure in recent epidemiological studies, but more evidence is needed in order to establish causality. Adequate evidence of dose-response relationships is available for kidney effects. There is a relationship between cadmium exposure and kidney effects in terms of low molecular mass (LMM) proteinuria. Long-term cadmium exposures with urine cadmium of 2 nmol mmol(-1) creatinine cause such effects in a susceptible part of the population. Higher exposures result in increases in the size of these effects. This assessment is supported by toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic (TKTD) modelling. Associations between urine cadmium lower than 2 nmol mmol-1 creatinine and LMM proteinuria are influenced by confounding by co-excretion of cadmium with protein. A number of epidemiological studies, including some on low exposures, have reported statistically significant associations between cadmium exposure and bone demineralization and fracture risk. Exposures leading to urine cadmium of 5 nmol mmol-1 creatinine and more increase the risk of bone effects. Similar associations at much lower urine cadmium levels have been reported. However, complexities in the cause and effect relationship mean that a no-effect level cannot be defined. LMM proteinuria was selected as the critical effect for cadmium, thus identifying the kidney cortex as the critical organ, although bone effects may occur at exposure levels similar to those giving rise to kidney effects. To avoid these effects, population exposures should not exceed that resulting in cadmium values in urine of more than 2 nmol mmol(-1) creatinine. As cadmium is carcinogenic, a 'safe' exposure level cannot be defined. We therefore recommend that cadmium exposures be kept as low as possible. Because the safety margin for toxic effects in kidney and bone is small, or non-existent, in many populations around the world, there is a need to reduce cadmium pollution globally.
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| 4. |
- Siart, Benjamin, et al.
(författare)
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Measurements ofinflammation protein biomarkers in venous plasma, earlobe capillary plasma andin capillary plasma stored on filter paper
- 2017
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Ingår i: Cytokine. - 1043-4666 .- 1096-0023.
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Multiplex panels for protein biomarkers are increasingly used to analyze blood samples in various fields of clinical research. However, they are rarely used in studies performed outside of a clinical setting. This may in part be due to the relative invasiveness of drawing blood from the vein and because of problems associated with the separation and transport of plasma. Samples collected from the earlobe would be less invasive and could be collected more conveniently. Transportation and storage of such samples could be made easier by blotting plasma on filter paper as dried plasma spots (DPS). The objective of this study was to compare values of multiple protein biomarkers for inflammation measured from three different sources (1) venous plasma, (2) plasma derived from capillary blood from the earlobe and (3) from capillary plasma stored as DPS. Samples from twelve male individuals were assessed with a panel of 92 inflammation related proteins using multiplex proximity extension assay technology. Correlations between the three sample types varied greatly between analytes. In general, a high correlation was observed between capillary plasma and DPS, with 33 analytes showing a correlation value of ρ > 0.8 in the two sample types. At this level of correlation (ρ > 0.8) 14 analytes correlated between venous and capillary plasma in contrast to only six analytes in the comparison of venous blood with DPS. We conclude that collecting samples from the earlobe is a feasible and less invasive alternative to venipuncture, but that the comparability with measures obtained from venous samples varies greatly between proteins.
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| 5. |
- Siart, Benjamin, et al.
(författare)
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Protein measurements in venous plasma, earlobe capillary plasma and in plasma stored on filter paper
- 2019
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Ingår i: Analytical Biochemistry. - : ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE. - 0003-2697 .- 1096-0309. ; 566, s. 146-150
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, levels of inflammatory protein biomarkers in venous plasma, plasma derived from capillary blood from the earlobe, and capillary plasma stored as dried plasma spots (DPS) were compared. Samples from 12 male individuals were assessed with a panel of 92 inflammation-related proteins using multiplex proximity extension assay. Correlations between sample types varied greatly between analytes. A high correlation of rho > 0.8 was observed between capillary plasma and DPS for 32 analytes. At this level of correlation, 13 analytes correlated between venous and capillary plasma and 5 analytes in the comparison of venous blood with DPS.
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