| 1. |
- Afzal, Zeeshan, 1991-, et al.
(författare)
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Using Features of Encrypted Network Traffic to Detect Malware
- 2021
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Ingår i: 25th Nordic Conference on Secure IT Systems, NordSec 2020. - Cham : Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. ; , s. 37-53
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Encryption on the Internet is as pervasive as ever. This has protected communications and enhanced the privacy of users. Unfortunately, at the same time malware is also increasingly using encryption to hide its operation. The detection of such encrypted malware is crucial, but the traditional detection solutions assume access to payload data. To overcome this limitation, such solutions employ traffic decryption strategies that have severe drawbacks. This paper studies the usage of encryption for malicious and benign purposes using large datasets and proposes a machine learning based solution to detect malware using connection and TLS metadata without any decryption. The classification is shown to be highly accurate with high precision and recall rates by using a small number of features. Furthermore, we consider the deployment aspects of the solution and discuss different strategies to reduce the false positive rate.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Abbas, Muhammad Tahir, et al.
(författare)
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Energy-Saving Solutions for Cellular Internet of Things - A Survey
- 2022
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Ingår i: IEEE Access. - IEEE : IEEE. - 2169-3536. ; 10, s. 62096-62096
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Cellular Internet of Things (CIoT), a new paradigm, paves the way for a large-scale deployment of IoT devices. CIoT promises enhanced coverage and massive deployment of low-cost IoT devices with an expected battery life of up to 10 years. However, such a long battery life can only be achieved provided the CIoT device is configured with energy efficiency in mind. This paper conducts a comprehensive survey on energy-saving solutions in 3GPP-based CIoT networks. In comparison to current studies, the contribution of this paper is the classification and an extensive analysis of existing energy-saving solutions for CIoT, e.g., the configuration of particular parameter values and software modifications of transport- or radio-layer protocols, while also stressing key parameters impacting the energy consumption such as the frequency of data reporting, discontinuous reception cycles (DRX), and Radio Resource Control (RRC) timers. In addition, we discuss shortcomings, limitations, and possible opportunities which can be investigated in the future to reduce the energy consumption of CIoT devices.
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| 4. |
- Abbas, Muhammad Tahir, et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for an Energy Efficient Tuning of the NB-IoT Stack
- 2020
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Ingår i: 45th IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN). - : IEEE Communications Society. ; , s. 60-69
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we study the energy consumptionof Narrowband IoT devices. The paper suggests that key tosaving energy for NB-IoT devices is the usage of full Discontinuous Reception (DRX), including the use of connected-mode DRX (cDRX): In some cases, cDRX reduced the energy consumption over a 10-year period with as much as 50%. However, the paper also suggests that tunable parameters, such as the inactivity timer, do have a significant impact. On the basis of our findings, guidelines are provided on how to tune the NB-IoT device so that it meets the target of the 3GPP, i.e., a 5-Wh battery should last for at least 10 years. It is further evident from our results that the energy consumption is largely dependent on the intensity and burstiness of the traffic, and thus could be significantly reduced if data is sent in bursts with less intensity,irrespective of cDRX support.
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| 5. |
- Abbas, Muhammad Tahir, et al.
(författare)
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On the Energy-efficient Use of Discontinuous Reception and Release Assistance in NB-IoT
- 2022
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cellular Internet of Things (CIoT) is a Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) technology. It aims for cheap, lowcomplexity IoT devices that enable large-scale deployments and wide-area coverage. Moreover, to make large-scale deployments of CIoT devices in remote and hard-to-access locations possible, a long device battery life is one of the main objectives of these devices. To this end, 3GPP has defined several energysaving mechanisms for CIoT technologies, not least for the Narrow-Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) technology, one of the major CIoT technologies. Examples of mechanisms defined include CONNECTED-mode DRX (cDRX), Release Assistance Indicator (RAI), and Power Saving Mode (PSM). This paper considers the impact of the essential energy-saving mechanisms on minimizing the energy consumption of NB-IoT devices, especially the cDRX and RAI mechanisms. The paper uses a purpose-built NB-IoT simulator that has been tested in terms of its built-in energy-saving mechanisms and validated with realworld NB-IoT measurements. The simulated results show that it is possible to save 70%-90% in energy consumption by enabling the cDRX and RAI. In fact, the results suggest that a battery life of 10 years is only achievable provided the cDRX, RAI, and PSM energy-saving mechanisms are correctly configured and used
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| 6. |
- Alay, Özgü, et al.
(författare)
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Monitoring and Analytics (Release B)
- 2021
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Rapport (refereegranskat)abstract
- This document describes the design and implementation of the 5GENESIS Monitoring & Analytics (M&A) framework in its Release B, developed within Task T3.3 of the project work plan. M&A Release B leverages and extends M&A Release A, which has been documented in the previous Deliverable D3.5 [1]. In particular, we present new features and enhancements introduced in this new Release compared to the Release A. We also report some examples of usage of the M&A framework, in order to showcase its integrated in the 5GENESIS Reference Architecture.
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| 7. |
- Ali, Usman, et al.
(författare)
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Data-Driven Analysis of Outdoor-to-Indoor Propagation for 5G Mid-Band Operational Networks
- 2022
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Ingår i: Future Internet. - : MDPI. - 1999-5903. ; 14:8, s. 1-27
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The successful rollout of fifth-generation (5G) networks requires a full understanding of the behavior of the propagation channel, taking into account the signal formats and the frequencies standardized by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). In the past, channel characterization for 5G has been addressed mainly based on the measurements performed on dedicated links in experimental setups. This paper presents a state-of-the-art contribution to the characterization of the outdoor-to-indoor radio channel in the 3.5 GHz band, based on experimental data for commercial, deployed 5G networks, collected during a large scale measurement campaign carried out in the city of Rome, Italy. The analysis presented in this work focuses on downlink, outdoor-to-indoor propagation for two operators adopting two different beamforming strategies, single wide-beam and multiple synchronization signal blocks (SSB) based beamforming; it is indeed the first contribution studying the impact of beamforming strategy in real 5G networks. The time and power-related channel characteristics, i.e., mean excess delay and Root Mean Square (RMS) delay spread, path loss, and K-factor are studied for the two operators in multiple measurement locations. The analysis of time and power-related parameters is supported and extended by a correlation analysis between each pair of parameters. The results show that beamforming strategy has a marked impact on propagation. A single wide-beam transmission leads, in fact, to lower RMS delay spread and lower mean excess delay compared to a multiple SSB-based transmission strategy. In addition, the single wide-beam transmission system is characterized by a smaller path loss and a higher K-factor, suggesting that the adoption of a multiple SSB-based transmission strategy may have a negative impact on downlink performance.
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| 8. |
- Ali, Usman, et al.
(författare)
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Large-Scale Dataset for the Analysis of Outdoor-to-Indoor Propagation for 5G Mid-Band Operational Networks
- 2022
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Ingår i: Data. - : MDPI. - 2306-5729. ; 7:3, s. 34-34
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Understanding radio propagation characteristics and developing channel models is fundamental to building and operating wireless communication systems. Among others uses, channel characterization and modeling can be used for coverage and performance analysis and prediction. Within this context, this paper describes a comprehensive dataset of channel measurements performed to analyze outdoor-to-indoor propagation characteristics in the mid-band spectrum identified for the operation of 5th Generation (5G) cellular systems. Previous efforts to analyze outdoor-to-indoor propagation characteristics in this band were made by using measurements collected on dedicated, mostly single-link setups. Hence, measurements performed on deployed and operational 5G networks still lack in the literature. To fill this gap, this paper presents a dataset of measurements performed over commercial 5G networks. In particular, the dataset includes measurements of channel power delay profiles from two 5G networks in Band n78, i.e., 3.3–3.8 GHz. Such measurements were collected at multiple locations in a large office building in the city of Rome, Italy by using the Rohde & Schwarz (R&S) TSMA6 network scanner during several weeks in 2020 and 2021. A primary goal of the dataset is to provide an opportunity for researchers to investigate a large set of 5G channel measurements, aiming at analyzing the corresponding propagation characteristics toward the definition and refinement of empirical channel propagation models.
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| 9. |
- Amend, Markus, et al.
(författare)
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In-network Support for Packet Reordering for Multiaccess Transport Layer Tunneling
- 2022
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Ingår i: 2022 IEEE 11th IFIP International Conference on Performance Evaluation and Modeling in Wireless and Wired Networks, PEMWN 2022. - : IEEE. - 9783903176508
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Networked systems have recently aimed to use multiple access networks in parallel to increase resiliency, availability and capacity. However, different paths may have different latency characteristics, which may lead to out-of-order packet delivery. This may severely impact both the end-to-end application performance and the capacity utilisation of multiaccess systems. In this paper, we show that in-network support for packet reordering for multiaccess systems that are based on multiple transport layer tunnels is beneficial for several application types. Our findings are applicable to TCP and QUIC traffic in the 3GPP ATSSS context, where we use the MP-DCCP tunneling framework with a buffer-based packet reordering approach that uses a dynamic timing threshold to cope with variation of path delays over time. We demonstrate achievable performance gains for a wide range of path latency differences and end-to-end round trip times when using different in-network reordering algorithms.
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| 10. |
- Aumayr, E., et al.
(författare)
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Service-based Analytics for 5G open experimentation platforms
- 2022
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Ingår i: Computer Networks. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 1389-1286 .- 1872-7069. ; 205
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A scalable, flexible and reliable Analytics service has become a requirement toward building efficient Fifth Generation (5G) experimental platforms that can support a suite of end-user experiments and verticals. Our paper presents the challenges that come with designing such a service-based Analytics component, and shows how we have used it in the context of open experimental platforms in the 5GENESIS project. Our Analytics service was designed both for enabling the efficient setup and configuration of the underlying platform, and also for ensuring that it provides useful insights into the experimentation Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) toward the end-user. Thus, Analytics proved to be a useful tool across several stages, starting from ensuring correct operation during the initial phases of the network setup and continuing into the normal day-to-day experimentation. Our experiments show how the tool was used in our setup and provide information on how to apply it to different environments. The Analytics component, designed as a set of microservices that serve several goals in the analytics workflow, is also provided as open source, being part of the Open5Genesis suite.
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