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- Beecken, Jörg, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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Emission factors of SO2, NOx and particles from ships in Neva Bay from ground-based and helicopter-borne measurements and AIS-based modeling
- 2015
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1680-7316 .- 1680-7324. ; 15:9, s. 5229-5241
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Emission factors of SO2, NOx and size-distributed particle numbers were measured for approximately 300 different ships in the Gulf of Finland and Neva Bay area during two campaigns in August/September 2011 and June/July 2012. The measurements were carried out from a harbor vessel and from an Mi-8 helicopter downwind of passing ships. Other measurements were carried out from shore sites near the island of Kronstadt and along the Neva River in the urban area of Saint Petersburg. Most ships were running at reduced speed (10 kn), i.e., not at their optimal load. Vessels for domestic and international shipping were monitored. It was seen that the distribution of the SO2 emission factors is bi-modal, with averages of 4.6 and 18.2 gSO(2) kg(fuel)(-1) for the lower and the higher mode, respectively. The emission factors show compliance with the 1% fuel sulfur content Sulfur Emission Control Areas (SECA) limit for 90% of the vessels in 2011 and 97% in 2012. The distribution of the NOx emission factor is mono-modal, with an average of 58 gNO(x) kg(fuel)(-1). The corresponding emission related to the generated power yields an average of 12.1 gNO(x) kWh(-1). The distribution of the emission factors for particulate number shows that nearly 90% of all particles in the 5.6 nm to 10 mu m size range were below 70 nm in diameter. The distribution of the corresponding emission factors for the mass indicates two separated main modes, one for particles between 30 and 300 nm and the other for above 2 mu m. The average particle emission factors were found to be in the range from 0.7 to 2.7 x 10(16) particles kg(fuel)(-1) and 0.2 to 3.4 gPM kg(fuel)(-1), respectively. The NOx and particulate emissions are comparable with other studies. The measured emission factors were compared, for individual ships, to modeled ones using the Ship Traffic Emission Assessment Model (STEAM) of the Finnish Meteorological Institute. A reasonably good agreement for gaseous sulfur and nitrogen emissions can be seen for ships in international traffic, but significant deviations are found for inland vessels. Regarding particulate mass, the values of the modeled data are about 2-3 times higher than the measured results, which probably reflects the assumptions made in the modeled fuel sulfur content. The sulfur contents in the fuel retrieved from the measurements were lower than the previously used assumptions by the City of Saint Petersburg when carrying out atmospheric modeling, and using these measurements it was possible to better assess the impact of shipping on air quality.
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- Björnsson, I., et al.
(författare)
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Implementation framework for bim-based risk management
- 2018
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Ingår i: eWork and eBusiness in Architecture, Engineering and Construction : Proceedings of the 12th European Conference on Product and Process Modelling, ECPPM 2018 - Proceedings of the 12th European Conference on Product and Process Modelling, ECPPM 2018. - : CRC Press. - 9781138584136 - 9780429506215 ; , s. 297-303
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is currently an imbalance with regards to the way that risks are treated in construction projects. Risks associated with structural failures as well as construction safety risks are often in focus while building performance risks (e.g. related to moisture or energy performance) receive less attention. These types of risks often disproportionately affect the end users/owners and can in many cases be avoided given adequate access to relevant knowledge by the process actors. The modern construction process, which relies heavily on digitization and automation, provides an opportunity for improving the awareness and management of building performance risks. The current paper presents a conceptual framework for the implementation of BIM-based risk management in the modern construction process. A knowledge delivery system is envisioned which will make risk relevant information available to the process actors thereby improving risk awareness and enabling risk informed decision making. In contrast with earlier implementation attempts, risk information will be made available to construction objects structured according to existing, commercially available, building classification system(s). An implemented system should provide automated support to identification of potential risks associated with different construction solutions and enable the process actors to make informed decisions concerning the treatment of these risks in construction projects.
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- Brouwers, Lisa, et al.
(författare)
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Simulating the need for health- and elderly care in Sweden : A model description of SESIM-LEV
- 2016
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Ingår i: New Pathways in Microsimulation. - : Taylor and Francis. ; , s. 41-59
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This chapter explains the income distribution among the elderly using a dynamic microsimulation model for Japan, Integrated Analytical Model for Household Simulation (INAHSIM). It also compares the percentage of the poor elderly in the population in order to evaluate income security functions for the elderly among several public pension reform proposals. INAHSIM7 is a dynamic microsimulation model for Japan. It was originally developed in the early 1980s as a household simulation model to accommodate Japan’s society. The public pension scheme in Japan was established in the 1960s, and it is a two-tier system that consists of a flat-rate benefit called ’basic pension’ and an earnings-related benefit for regular employees. The public pension scheme in Japan is based on a social insurance system, and there exist a considerable number of persons who do not pay their premiums, people are concerned about the growing number of the elderly with low pension amounts.
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