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- Bignert, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Övervakning av metaller och organiska miljögifter i marin biota, 2012
- 2012
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The environmental toxicants examined in this report can be classified into five groups –heavy metals, chlorinated compounds, brominated flame retardants, polyaromatichydrocarbons and perfluorinated compounds. Each of these contaminants has beenexamined from various sites for up to six different fish species, in blue mussels, and inguillemot eggs, for varying lengths of time. The following summary examines overalltrends, spatial and temporal, for the five groups.Condition and Fat ContentCondition and fat content in different species tended to follow the same pattern at the samesites, with a few exceptions. Most of the fish species generally displayed a decreasing trendin both condition and fat content at most sites examined. Exceptions to this were increasesin fat content and condition factor seen in cod liver at both sites; an increase in conditionfor herring at Ängskärsklubb in spring; and in perch and eelpout, a decrease in fat content atKvädöfjärden (perch) and Väderöarna (eelpout) but no trend in condition for the same site.Heavy MetalsDue to a change in methods for metal analysis (not Hg) in 2004, values between 2003 and2007 should be interpreted with care. From 2009 metals are analyzed at ITM, StockholmUniversity.The longer time series in guillemot egg and spring-caught herring from the southernBothnian Sea and southern Baltic Proper show significant decreases of mercury. Theherring site in the southern Bothnain Sea indicates a local Hg-source. The rest of the timeseries show varying concentrations over the study period, and even increasing trends in e.g.cod muscle and eelpout muscle from Väderöarna, but the concentrations are fairly lowcompared to measured concentrations in perch from fresh water and coastal sites. However,in most cases, these concentrations are above the newly suggested EU-target level of 20ng/g wet weight.Lead is generally decreasing over the study period (in time series of sufficient length),supposedly due to the elimination of lead in gasoline. Elevated lead concentrationsbetween 2003 and 2007 (e.g. Harufjärden) should be viewed with caution (see aboveregarding change in analysis methods).Cadmium concentrations show varying non-linear trends over the monitored period. It isworth noting that despite several measures taken to reduce discharges of cadmium,generally the most recent concentrations are similar to concentrations measured 30 yearsago in the longer time series.The reported nickel concentrations show no consistent decreasing trends. Some series beginwith two elevated values that exert a strong leverage effect on the regression line and maygive a false impression of decreasing trends. Chromium generally shows decreasing trends,possibly explained by a shift in analytical method. The essential trace metals, copper andzinc, show no consistent trends during the monitored period.
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| 3. |
- Danielsson, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Contaminants in fish from potentially polluted sites along the Swedish coast with the nationalmonitoring programme as reference
- 2014
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this report, fish from potentially polluted sites along the coast of Sweden were analysed for several contaminants and when possible also compared with concentrations in fish fromreference sites used within the national monitoring programme for contaminants in marinebiota. However, it is important to have in mind that for the polluted sites, sampling has onlybeen carried one single year and only two pooled samples were analysed from each site,which could have effects on the representativeness and the uncertainty of the results.Generally, perch and herring from Lilla Värtan had the highest concentrations of mercury,lead, nickel, silver, CB-153 and CB-118, DDE, dioxins, brominated flame retardants,perfluorinated chemicals, chlorinated paraffins and organotin compounds compared to theother polluted sites. Among the stations where eelpout and cod were sampled, Rivöfjord hadhighest concentration of several contaminants. The contaminants include mercury, lead,chromium, CB-153 and CB-118, dioxins, brominated flame retardants, perfluorinatedchemicals, chlorinated paraffins and organotin compounds. It is not very surprising that these two areas show the highest concentrations of several of the investigated contaminants in fish.Lilla Värtan is situated in Stockholm and hence is affected by the big city, in addition, heavyboat traffic of different kinds are taking place in this water along with several other harmfulenvironmental activities in this area. SCCP showed the highest concentrations in herring fromLilla Värtan, while perch on the contrary had the lowest concentration of SCCP among all ofthe perch sites. This is however difficult to explain. Rivö fjord is situated just outsideGothenburg city and is thus affected by activities in the city. Also, the main part ofGothenburg’s harbor activities takes place close by Rivö fjord. Moreover, Ryaverken, whichis a sewage treatment plant, and two refineries are also affecting the water. Thus, the twolargest cities in Sweden contribute with a cocktail of contaminants to its surrounding waters.In addition, fish from Skelleftebukten, herring and/or perch, had elevated concentrations oflead, cadmium, nickel, copper, HCB and BDE-47 and -154. The elevated concentrations ofdifferent metals in this area could be caused by Rönnskärsverken, which releases metals. Inaddition, there are several industries and mining practices in the area that could havecontributed with high metal levels. Furthermore, dismantlement activities might contributewith the high levels of brominated flame retardants found in this area.Kungsbackafjorden, on the Swedish west coast, had high concentrations of cadmium andcopper in cod and high concentrations of perfluorinated chemicals in both eelpout and cod.There is a sewage treatment plant in the area, which might be one explanation for elevatedconcentrations of perfluorinated chemicals.Most of the other selected polluted sites for this study had none or just a few contaminantsthat differed from the reference sites in the vicinity. Thus it seems that these sites might not be as burdened by local sources of the investigated substances as has been assumed. On the other hand, when comparing the concentrations with their target values, a few of the contaminants at these sites were above the target values, this included mercury, CB-118, PBDEs and TBT.However, the concentrations were not significantly different from reference values, whichindicates a more widespread problem concerning these contaminants.When comparing contaminant concentrations with their respective target value, mercuryconcentrations exceeded the target value for all species at all sites except for herring fromÖrnsköldsviksfjärden. Lead was below the target value at all sites and cadmium was alsobelow at all sites except for perch from Skelleftebukten, which exceeded the target value.4 CB-153 was in general below the target value, but cod from Rivö fjord and perch from LillaVärtan exceeded it. In contrast, most polluted sites were above the target value for CB-118with a few exceptions. Concentrations of DDE were generally below the target value,however perch and herring from Lilla Värtan exceeded it and concentrations of DDE in codliver were also above, while the concentration in cod muscle were below target value. HCHs,HCB, dioxins, PFOS and HBCDD were below target values for all species at all sites. PBDEson the other hand exceed the target value for all species at all sites. Concentrations of thepriority substances, DEHP (Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate), HCBD (Hexachlorobutadiene), andPeCB (Pentachlorobenzene) were below the target values, these compounds were even below LOQ at most sites. SCCP (short-chained chlorinated paraffins) were well below the target level for all species at all sites. TBT on the other hand, were in perch above the target value at all sites except at Inre Slätbaken and Skelleftebukten. Yttre fjärden and Lilla Värtan had the highest concentrations of TBT and here the target value was also exceeded in herring. Eelpout and cod had concentrations of TBT below the target value.In conclusion, Lilla Värtan seems to be the site with the highest concentrations of severalcontaminants and also where several of these exceed the target values. Rivö fjord andSkelleftebukten also had higher concentrations of several contaminants compared to the other polluted sites.
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| 6. |
- Faxneld, Suzanne, 1978-
(författare)
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Coral reefs in the Anthropocene : The effects of stress on coral metabolism and symbiont composition
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Coral reefs constitute some of the most prolific and diverse ecosystems on our planet, but also among the most threatened. This thesis investigates the effects of environmental stressors on corals’ metabolism and symbiont diversity. Paper I shows that the coral Turbinaria mesenterina withstood a single stressor while a combination of two stressors (decreased salinity and increased seawater temperature) lead to decreased metabolism. Increased seawater temperature in combination with two stressors (enhanced nutrients and decreased salinity) lead to rapid mortality of all specimens. Paper II shows that chronic stress in combination with increased seawater temperature affects coral species differently. Porites lutea did not show any difference in response to temperature increase, regardless of environmental disturbance history, while Galaxea fascicularis’ metabolism was negatively affected in chronically disturbed corals but not in corals from less disturbed areas. The main explanation for the difference in response between the two species is different compositions of endosymbionts as found in paper III. P. lutea only harboured the symbiont C15, regardless of environment, whilst D1a dominated the nearshore G. fascicularis and C1 dominated offshore corals. In paper IV there was a clear inshore-offshore pattern of D1a along the whole coast of Vietnam, where D1a dominated inshore. In contrast, the five symbionts belonging to group C displayed a strong latitudinal gradient, with diversity increasing from north to south. The coral host showed higher diversity offshore than inshore. The thesis emphasizes the importance of improving water quality (paper I and II) and protecting marginal areas since tolerant coral hosts and symbionts can be found there (paper III and IV), as well as safeguarding areas with high symbiont diversity (paper IV) to increase the ability of corals to withstand future environmental changes.
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| 7. |
- Faxneld, Suzanne, et al.
(författare)
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Differences in physiological response to increased seawater temperature in nearshore and offshore corals in northern Vietnam
- 2011
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Ingår i: Marine Environmental Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0141-1136 .- 1879-0291. ; 71:3, s. 225-233
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Effects of elevated seawater temperature show high spatial heterogeneity and variation within and among coral species. The objective of this study was to investigate how two coral species, Porites lutea and Galaxea fascicularis, from two high latitude reefs differently exposed to chronic disturbance, respond to elevated seawater temperatures. Corals were collected from reefs nearshore (i.e. subjected to high sediment load, higher chlorophyll α concentrations, turbidity etc.) and offshore (i.e. less exposed). The corals were exposed in the lab to gradually increasing temperatures (25.5–33.5 °C) for 72 h after which they were allowed to recover to ambient temperature (25.5 °C) for 24 h. Production and respiration were measured after 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. The results show that P. lutea from nearshore reefs suffered an initial decrease in gross primary production/respiration (GP/R) ratio after 24 h, after only a moderate temperature increase (+2 °C, from 25.5 to 27.5 °C), while there was no difference in GP/R ratio between heat-exposed and controls the other days, indicating that the chronic disturbance in the nearshore reef had no effect on their thermotolerance. Furthermore, P. lutea from the offshore reef showed a decrease in GP/R ratio both after 24 h and 72 h (33.5 °C) of exposure.In comparison, G. fascicularis showed a decrease in GP/R ratio after 48 h, 72 h and 96 h of exposure for the nearshore corals. Also, after 72 h these corals had withdrawn their polyps. There were no differences between heat-treated and controls for the offshore G. fascicularis. This implies that the chronically disturbed G. fascicularis had lower thermotolerance when exposed to a temperature increase.This study, hence, shows that the response of corals to elevated seawater temperature varies with species and environmental background history.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Faxneld, Suzanne, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of elevated water temperature, reduced salinity and nutrient enrichment on the metabolism of the coral Turbinaria mesenterina
- 2010
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Ingår i: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0272-7714 .- 1096-0015. ; 88:4, s. 482-487
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Water quality is declining in many coastal areas, which has caused coral degradation worldwide. In addition, reduced water quality may aggravate the impacts of seawater temperature. In this study the effects of increased temperature (31 degrees C), nitrate enrichment (+5 mu M NO3-), low salinity (20) and combinations of these stressors were investigated compared to ambient water (25 degrees C, 30, 0.3 mu M NO3-) on the metabolism and survival of the coral Turbinaria mesenterina from the Tonkin Gulf, Vietnam. The results showed that all specimens exposed to a combination of all three stressors (i.e. high temperature + high nitrate + low salinity) died after 24 h exposure, while those that had been exposed to high nitrate + low salinity at ambient temperature did not show any effects on the metabolism or survival. Furthermore, corals exposed to low salinity + high temperature displayed a decrease in gross primary production/respiration (GP/R) ratio and the mortality rate was 50%. In addition, all corals exposed to increased temperature, alone or in combination with another stressor, displayed a GP/R-24h ratio below 1.0, suggesting that they depend on stored energy to cover their metabolic requirements. The results showed that corals may tolerate short-term exposure to stressors such as low salinity + high nitrate concentration in ambient temperature, while additional increased temperature lead to rapid mortality, hence suggesting a synergistic effect. Thus, the effect of climate change might be more severe in nearshore coastal areas where corals already are exposed to several disturbances.
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| 10. |
- Förlin, Lars, 1950, et al.
(författare)
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Fokus Kvädöfjärden - Varför mår kustfisken dåligt?
- 2014
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Ingår i: HAVET 2013/2014. - 1654-6741. ; år 2014, s. 26-30
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abborre och tånglake längs kusten har länge visat tecken på att de inte mår bra. Inte ens i områden som förutsätts vara mer eller mindre opåverkade av miljögifter, som exempelvis Kvädöfjärden i Östergötland. Här samarbetar nu flera forskare i ett nytt stort projekt för att försöka ta reda på om det är just miljögifter som är orsaken till den dåliga fiskhälsan. I så fall vilka och var kommer de ifrån? Det är en stor uppgift med många utmaningar och jakten på orsaker har bara börjat.
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