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| 3. |
- Aggarwal, MM, et al.
(författare)
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Event-by-event fluctuations in particle multiplicities and transverse energy produced in 158A GeVPb plus Pb collisions
- 2002
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Ingår i: Physical Review C (Nuclear Physics). - 0556-2813. ; 65:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Event-by-event fluctuations in the multiplicities of charged particles and photons, and the total transverse energy in 158A GeV Pb+Pb collisions are studied for a wide range of centralities. For narrow centrality bins the multiplicity and transverse energy distributions are found to be near perfect Gaussians. The effect of detector acceptance on the multiplicity fluctuations has been studied and demonstrated to follow statistical considerations. The centrality dependence of the charged particle multiplicity fluctuations in the measured data has been found to agree reasonably well with those obtained from a participant model. However, for photons the multiplicity fluctuations have been found to be lower compared to those obtained from a participant model. The multiplicity and transverse energy fluctuations have also been compared to those obtained from the VENUS event generator.
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| 4. |
- Aggarwal, MM, et al.
(författare)
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Transverse mass distributions of neutral pions from Pb-208-induced reactions at 158 center dot A GeV
- 2002
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Ingår i: European Physical Journal C. Particles and Fields. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1434-6044. ; 23:2, s. 225-236
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Results on transverse mass spectra of neutral pious measured at central rapidity are presented for impact parameter selected 158-A GeV Pb + Pb-1 and Pb + Nb collisions. The distributions cover the range 0.5 GeV/c(2) less than or equal to MT - Mo less than or equal to 4 GeV/c(2). The change of the spectral shape and the multiplicity with centrality is studied in detail. In going from p+p to semi-peripheral Pb+Pb collisions there is a nuclear enhancement increasing with transverse mass similar to the well known Cronin effect, while for very central collisions this enhancement appears to be weaker than expected.
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| 6. |
- Cooper, David, et al.
(författare)
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Methodology for calculating emissions from ships: 1. Update of emission factors
- 2004
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- SMED (Swedish Methodology for Environmental Data, a collaboration between the Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Statistics Sweden and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute) has derived emission factors for ships (> 100 Gross Register Tonnage) to be applied in Sweden’s international reporting duties. The basis for this type of reporting is that only emissions derived from Swedish sold marine fuels are accounted for.The study has focused on 28 different air pollutants, where the emission factors have been proposed as a function of engine and fuel type. For year 2002, the factors cover three operational modes (“at sea”, “manoeuvring” and “in port”) and thereby take into account main engine and auxiliary engine emissions. A set of “at sea “ emission factors has also been prepared from 1990 up to 2001 to allow an update of the marine emission time series.In order to obtain representative and up-to-date emission factors for this application, “in-house” emission data and also published literature emission factor databases have been assessed. Thus emission factors were derived from a database consisting of exhaust measurements from ca. 62 ships involving ca.180 marine engines. The emission factors have been weighted to account for the proportion of the fleet using exhaust gas cleaning measures, age factors for fuel consumption and increased use of low-sulphur fuels.Since the number of measurement data available for the different pollutant emission factors varies considerably, an attempt has been made to classify the factors after estimated uncertainty.
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| 7. |
- Cooper, David, et al.
(författare)
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Methodology for calculating emissions from ships: 2. Emission factors for 2004 reporting
- 2004
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- As part of an on-going project to improve the quality of Swedish marine emission reporting, SMED (Swedish Methodology for Environmental Data, a collaboration between the Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Statistics Sweden and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute) has derived emission factors for ships (> 100 Gross Register Tonnage). The basis for this type of reporting is that only emissions derived from Swedish sold marine fuels are accounted for. This work presents the agglomerated emissions factors to suit available activity data (i.e. Swedish marine fuel sales) enabling total emissions for the period 1990 – 2002 to be calculated.When tentatively comparing the new emission totals with those reported earlier (using older emission factor data), a striking difference is that SO2 emissions have been previously underestimated (ca. 5 times too small for International sea traffic). The new HC and CO emissions are however approximately half of those calculated earlier. For NOx, the older estimates agree reasonably well with the new estimates.
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| 8. |
- Cooper, David, et al.
(författare)
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Methodology for calculating emissions from ships: 2. Emission factors for 2004 reporting : On behalf of the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency
- 2004
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- As part of an on-going project to improve the quality of Swedish marine emission reporting, SMED (Swedish Methodology for Environmental Data, a collaboration between the Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Statistics Sweden and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute) has derived emission factors for ships (> 100 Gross Register Tonnage). The basis for this type of reporting is that only emissions derived from Swedish sold marine fuels are accounted for. This work presents the agglomerated emissions factors to suit available activity data (i.e. Swedish marine fuel sales) enabling total emissions for the period 1990 – 2002 to be calculated.When tentatively comparing the new emission totals with those reported earlier (using older emission factor data), a striking difference is that SO2 emissions have been previously underestimated (ca. 5 times too small for International sea traffic). The new HC and CO emissions are however approximately half of those calculated earlier. For NOx, the older estimates agree reasonably well with the new estimates.
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| 9. |
- Cooper, David, et al.
(författare)
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Methodology for calculating emissionsfrom ships: 1. Update of emissionfactors : Assignment for Swedish Environmental Protection Agency
- 2004
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- SMED (Swedish Methodology for Environmental Data, a collaboration between the Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Statistics Sweden and the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute) has derived emission factors for ships (> 100 Gross Register Tonnage) to be applied in Sweden’s international reporting duties. The basis for this type of reporting is that only emissions derived from Swedish sold marine fuels are accounted for.The study has focused on 28 different air pollutants, where the emission factors have been proposed as a function of engine and fuel type. For year 2002, the factors cover three operational modes (“at sea”, “manoeuvring” and “in port”) and thereby take into account main engine and auxiliary engine emissions. A set of “at sea “ emission factors has also been prepared from 1990 up to 2001 to allow an update of the marine emission time series.In order to obtain representative and up-to-date emission factors for this application, “in-house” emission data and also published literature emission factor databases have been assessed. Thus emission factors were derived from a database consisting of exhaust measurements from ca. 62 ships involving ca.180 marine engines. The emission factors have been weighted to account for the proportion of the fleet using exhaust gas cleaning measures, age factors for fuel consumption and increased use of low-sulphur fuels.Since the number of measurement data available for the different pollutant emission factors varies considerably, an attempt has been made to classify the factors after estimated uncertainty.
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