| 1. |
- Holmström, Emma, et al.
(författare)
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Productivity of Scots pine and Norway spruce in central Sweden and competitive release in mixtures of the two species
- 2018
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Ingår i: Forest Ecology and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-1127 .- 1872-7042. ; 429, s. 287-293
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A 53 year old growth and yield study of monocultures and mixture of two species, Scots pine and Norway spruce, was analysed. The replacement design of the experiment (at the time of establishment same density in all treatments and 50/50 proportion in the mixture) in ten blocks enables the comparison of site and species specific growth, as well as the species specific response to competition. In monocultures Scots pine, produced 126% more stem wood biomass than Norway spruce. Scots pine benefitted from the mixture and tended to grow as in a reduced spacing. Norway spruce, the subdominant tree species, suffered from the competition, and produced less than expected, with a lower mean diameter compared to the monoculture. Hence, no facilitative or complementary effects was possible to prove when growing the species in mixture. However, the experiment demonstrates that if the uncertainties in choice of species at the time of regeneration is high, then the mixture of two species could be an option. The lower density of the highest yielding species in the mixture compared to the monoculture, could be compensated in growth by the competition release.
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| 2. |
- Jönsson, Christina, et al.
(författare)
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Microplastics shedding from textiles-developing analytical method for measurement of shed material representing release during domestic washing
- 2018
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 10:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The topic of shedding of micro-sized polymeric particles, so called microplastics, from textiles has been covered by an increasing number of studies over the past years. However, the methods with which the shedding of microplastics from textiles has been measured so far has shown a large variation. Consequently, the results regarding the amount of shed particles also vary, from 120 to 728,289 particles from similar garments in recent studies. This article presents research enabling for identification of whether the shedding of microplastics from different types of fabric was dependent on construction parameters. As none of the methods in the existing literature could be used for evaluating shedding of microplastics from textiles, a method was developed for this purpose. The resulting final method is described in this paper as well as the work with minimizing the error sources and consequently the standard deviation of the results through selection of material samples, equipment and procedure for sample preparation, washing, filtering the washing water and analyzing the shed microplastics. Comparing the environmental load of different garments, or identifying improvement possibilities in garment construction are two examples of how the method can be utilized.
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