| 1. |
- Olsson, H, et al.
(författare)
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Proliferation of the breast epithelium in relation to menstrual cycle phase, hormonal use, and reproductive factors
- 1996
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Ingår i: Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. - 1573-7217. ; 40:2, s. 187-196
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The proliferative rate in normal breast epithelium from 58 women undergoing reduction mammoplastics was studied using the formalin resistant antibody Ki-S5, and related to age at operation, menstrual cycle phase, family history of breast cancer, height and weight, parity, and hormonal use. The breast tissue from women operated on in the luteal menstrual cycle phase (day 15-28 among oral contraceptive (OC) users) had significantly higher proliferative rate than breast tissue removed from women in the follicular phase (day 1-14) (p = 0.01). Among women presently exposed to hormones, those with a positive family history of breast cancer among first and second degree relatives had significantly higher values than cases without such history (p = 0.02). Weight was not significantly related to proliferation rate, while a short height was associated with a significantly higher proliferation rate (p = 0.04). Women who used OCs before the first full-term pregnancy (FFTP) had a significantly higher proliferation rate compared with never users or late users (p = 0.04). No significant difference was seen between parous versus nulliparous women. The results from the univariate analysis persisted in multivariate models. An especially high proliferation rate was seen in young women with both a positive family history and present hormonal use (p = 0.001). Overall, it was found that young women had a non-significantly higher proliferation rate than older women (p = 0.10). Due to small sample size, these results must be regarded as preliminary, especially in the subgroup analyses.
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| 2. |
- Bergvall, A H, et al.
(författare)
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In quest for a possible association between heightened social aggression and excessive alcohol drinking in the rat.
- 1996
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Ingår i: Physiology & behavior. - 0031-9384. ; 59:4-5, s. 807-12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many clinical studies show that a sizeable proportion of male alcoholics are also inclined to act violently and aggressively. Given this association in humans, we asked whether a relationship exists between ethanol intake and aggressive behaviour in laboratory rats. In a first test of the hypothesis, we measured ethanol intake in male rats made aggressive by periodic contacts with sexually active females. Although the males became significantly more aggressive, there was no concomitant enhancement of alcohol consumption. In another experiment, observations of ethanol drinking in lactating rats exhibiting maternal aggression revealed no alteration in ethanol intake relative to nonlactating control females. However, because water intake was substantially elevated in the maternal rats, there was a net decrease in ethanol preference. The final experiment examined aggressiveness in chronically food-restricted male rats. In line with previous studies, this procedure increased ethanol drinking, but it did not enhance aggressive behaviour. It is concluded that, in our rats, there is no apparent association between the level of social aggression and the voluntary intake of ethanol in a two-bottle choice paradigm. The possibility remains, though, that alcohol drinking is better related to other forms of aggression, such as defensive or predatory aggression.
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| 3. |
- Dalemo, M., et al.
(författare)
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ORWARE – A simulation model for organic waste handling systems. : Part 1: Model description
- 1997
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Ingår i: Resources, Conservation and Recycling. - 0921-3449 .- 1879-0658. ; 21:1, s. 17-37
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A simulation model, ORWARE (ORganic WAste REsearch), for the handling of organic waste in urban areas has been constructed. The model provides a comprehensive view of the environmental effects, plant nutrient utilisation and energy turnover for this large and complex system. The ORWARE model consists of several sub-models; sewage plant, incineration, landfill, compost, anaerobic digestion, truck transport, transport by sewers, residue transport and spreading of residues on arable land. The model is intended for simulating different scenarios, and the results are: emissions to air and water, energy turnover and the amount of residues returned to arable land. All results are presented, both as the gross figure for the entire system and figures for each process. Throughout the model all physical flows are described by the same variable vector, consisting of 43 substances. This extensive vector facilitates a thorough analysis of the results, but involves some difficulties in acquiring relevant data. In this paper, the model is described. Results from a hypothetical case study are presented in a companion paper.
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| 4. |
- Johannesson, Magnus, et al.
(författare)
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The cost effectiveness of lipid lowering in Swedish primary health care
- 1996
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Ingår i: Journal of internal medicine. - : Blackwell Science Ltd. - 1365-2796 .- 0954-6820. ; 240:1, s. 23-29
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective. To evaluate the cost‐effectiveness of two types of advice (usual and intensive) to lower cardiovascular risk, with or without pharmacological medication aimed at lowering cholesterol levels. Design. Prospective, randomized, controlled clinical study of 18 months' duration. Setting. Thirty‐two primary health care centres in Sweden. Subjects. A total of 384 males, aged 30–59 years, with at least one cardiovascular risk factor in addition to moderate primary hyperlipidaemia; of these, 355 completed the 18‐month follow‐up. Interventions. Intensive advice consisted of group sessions led by a health care professional; the usual level of advice was given at follow‐up visits. The pharmacological intervention consisted of pravastatin. The goal was to achieve a 15% reduction in cholesterol. Main outcome measures. Cost per life‐year gained based on the change in serum cholesterol and the net intervention cost of the four treatment options. Results. The usual level of advice and intensive advice in combination with pharmacological treatment achieved no incremental effects and were not considered in the cost‐effectiveness analysis. The cost per life‐year gained of pharmacological treatment compared with intensive advice decreased. The cost per life‐year gained of pharmacological treatment compared with no treatment was about $61 000, if no adverse consequences on noncardiovascular mortality were assumed. Conclusions. According to the results of the CELL trial, intensive advice is not a cost‐effective strategy compared with lipid‐lowering drug treatment. However, it is also doubtful whether drug treatment as primary prevention is cost‐effective compared with no treatment in the studied patient population.
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