| 1. |
- Ali, Ashfaq, et al.
(författare)
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Paranoid potato : phytophthora-resistant genotype shows constitutively activated defense
- 2012
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Ingår i: Plant Signaling and Behavior. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1559-2316 .- 1559-2324. ; 7:3, s. 400-408
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Phytophthora is the most devastating pathogen of dicot plants. There is a need for resistance sources with different modes of action to counteract the fast evolution of this pathogen. In order to better understand mechanisms of defense against P. infestans, we analyzed several clones of potato. Two of the genotypes tested, Sarpo Mira and SW93-1015, exhibited strong resistance against P. infestans in field trials, whole plant assays and detached leaf assays. The resistant genotypes developed different sizes of hypersensitive response (HR)-related lesions. HR lesions in SW93-1015 were restricted to very small areas, whereas those in Sarpo Mira were similar to those in Solanum demissum, the main source of classical resistance genes. SW93-1015 can be characterized as a cpr (constitutive expressor of PR genes) genotype without spontaneous microscopic or macroscopic HR lesions. This is indicated by constitutive hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) production and PR1 (pathogenesis-related protein 1) secretion. SW93-1015 is one of the first plants identified as having classical protein-based induced defense expressed constitutively without any obvious metabolic costs or spontaneous cell death lesions.
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| 2. |
- Levander, Ulrika, 1973
(författare)
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Similarities and differences in social enterprise: Emmaus The Swedish experience: social enterprise in a welfare state
- 2010
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Ingår i: Konferenspublikation för ISTR (International Society for Third Sector Research) 9th International Conference, Kadir Has University, Istanbul, Turkey, July 7-10, 2010.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Emmaus is a global social economy and social enterprise organization, which has clear origins in France with Abbe Pierre after World War 2 (Boris, 1955). Today the organization is established in every continent of the world with over 400 Emmaus communities in 37 countries. It is variously represented as a homeless organisation, a political movement and a trading entity. However, created in France in a particular context, there are some differences between the ways the movement has developed and perhaps these have been set out in a comparison of Emmaus France and Emmaus in the UK (Amintas & Murdock 2009). This paper will form part of the Emmaus panel, with the aim to explore the organizational evolution and governance of Emmaus in Sweden following the framework already generated by Amintas and Murdock (2009) and extend it to consider, compare and analyze the nature of Emmaus in the respective countries. Sweden as a northern model welfare state does not have the variations in wealth found in Southern European countries. The focus on indigenous homeless is less relevant and the Emmaus model has a greater focus on international solidarity. Similarly the economic impact focus found in the UK is potentially less applicable in the Swedish context (Lovatt et al 2003). Using a mixture of published data and case study based information gathered on Emmaus in Sweden, the paper will examine the governance and operation of Emmaus in an advanced welfare state and identify to what extent the Swedish context might be associated with a variation of the model from the original concept enunciated by Abbe Pierre in France. It will also draw on government policy and the way in which Emmaus in Sweden has operated at international, national and local levels. Further, political, economic and socio-cultural (including religious) constructs as intervening variables will be used in the comparison. The approach is to consider governance as the result of “governing” a dynamic and synthetic movement, which has to maintain organizational continuity and adaptation. Therefore, three steps for the research is proposed on the experience of “Emmaus” in a Swedish perspective: 1A genealogical perspective on the governance model: Its particular application to a social economy setting and the core value set of Emmaus 2Intervening variables - the political, economic, socio-cultural and religious national contexts 3An interpretative framework: governance, identity and legitimacy in the context of the intervening variables It is hypothesized that though the core values of Emmaus will be found in Sweden there are significant differences in evolution, organization and governance, which derive from the particular context of the Swedish welfare state. The findings will be used to compare and analyze the evolution, governance and orientation of Emmaus in five various countries of Europe (UK, Italy, Spain, France and Sweden).
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| 3. |
- Levander, Ulrika, 1973
(författare)
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Social Enterprise: Implications of Emerging Institutionalized Constructions
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Social Entrepreneurship. - 1942-0676. ; 1:2, s. 213-230
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In contemporary discourse social enterprise is often described as a new and innovative phenomenon aiming to solve current challenges of the welfare state. However, social enterprise can also be seen as a complex set of discourses within an institutionally constructed narrative designed to build identity and gain legitimacy. Using theoretical frameworks from neoinstitutionalism in a critical discourse analysis the concept of social enterprise is here analyzed discursively both at a policy level and at the practitioner’s level in contemporary Scandinavian discourse. Whilst the latter discourses conceptualize social enterprise as a method to empower marginalized individuals or disadvantaged groups, the findings show that the discourses outlined at a policy level primarily talk of social enterprise as being a solution to structural issues across society. Policy discourses suggest that focal actors within social enterprises are supposed to change and to be disciplined in order to address their social difficulties, rather than to be empowered. This paper suggests that the discourses around social enterprise not only embody solutions to social ills, but may also exert an influence over the governance of social enterprises and over their work.
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| 4. |
- Levander, Ulrika, 1973
(författare)
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Utanförskap på entreprenad. Diskurser om sociala företag i Sverige
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Over the last decade the social enterprise has gained recognition, as a social innovation aiming to address diverse societal needs in the post-industrial world. In the contemporary Swedish political discourse, social enterprises are mainly viewed as initiatives operating within the third sector, and adopting a legal organizational form with limited access to profit-distribution. Further, the social enterprise is framed as an effective innovator to combat social exclusion, and to create participation and empowerment among excluded groups. This understanding of the concept can be linked to initiatives referred to as ‘work integration social enterprises’ in a wider European discourse. In the thesis, discourses of the social enterprise are discerned in a Swedish context and related to contemporary changes in the Swedish welfare state. The implications of the welfare solutions advocated by social enterprises are also analysed and discussed. The thesis departs from a social constructivist perspective, using discourse analysis, neo-institutional analysis and perspectives of power and control as a theoretical framework. Empirically, the studies carried out are based on analysis of documents produced by state authorities and other institutionally anchored actors involved in the discourse-production of social enterprise in Sweden. In addition, the analyses are based on documents from, and qualitative interviews with participations, workers and staff in three non-profit organisations that are, or are trying to develop into, work integration social enterprises. Critical discourse analysis (CDA) is the main method of analysis, which is supplemented with other discourse analytical methods. A basic methodological assumption is that each discursive environment constructs, reproduces and confirms particular accounts for institutional purposes. In the rhetoric of the documents, as well as in individuals’ accounts on their everyday practice in the organizations studied, preferred and disparaged frames of understanding the idea of social enterprising are traced. The different use of discourse, interpretive repertoires, and narratives emerging in the empirical material are analysed, compared, and discussed in the light of the theoretical framework used, and ongoing changes of the Swedish welfare state. In analyzing the discourses of social enterprise emerging at an institutional level, the concern with inclusion in the early Swedish social enterprises primarily focused on processes of collective action and democratic governance-structures within the enterprises as a possibility to reinforce the discretion and power of marginalized groups. However, initiatives adopting a more pro-active attitude to labour market integration have emerged in recent years. Here, the social enterprise is framed as an active labour market policy tool aiming to amplify excluded people’s work-abilities in order to include them in society. The results of the thesis suggest that the change in discourse identified is consistent with what Nicolas Rose (1999) points out as typical for the discourse of the third sector in the post-industrialized world; once initiated as a societal critique it has over time become more uniform with overall political objections. This implies an ongoing state colonization of the third space, where the discourse articulated looses ground in the contribution of innovative social change. In mixing principles of the market, the voluntary sector and the public sphere, the idea of ‘social enterprise’ is blending traditionally conflicting understandings of institutional logics and organizational fields. Depending on what kind of institutional rationality that is on stake in specific accounts, various narratives of the social enterprise occurs. As a result, the institutional conditions of the human-service activities carried out by the enterprises are not always perceptible. Who has got the possibility to become an employed social entrepreneur, who is subject to workfare-measures, what participation means and how it formally relates to processes of empowerment ascribed to the social enterprise, are therefore difficult to assess. Consequently, the actions carried out by social enterprises are interpreted as an example of how the visible exercise of power and control in welfare interventions, such as activation and workfare measures, is declining – especially when the activities conducted are carried out by organizations that are perceived as being independent from the state.
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