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- Johansson, Viktoria, et al.
(författare)
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Multiple sclerosis and psychiatric disorders : comorbidity and sibling risk in a nationwide Swedish cohort
- 2014
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Ingår i: Multiple Sclerosis Journal. - Stockholm : Sage Publications. - 1352-4585 .- 1477-0970. ; 20:14, s. 1881-1891
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Psychiatric disorders are known to be prevalent in multiple sclerosis (MS).OBJECTIVE: The objective of this paper is to study comorbidity between MS and bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and depression in a nationwide cohort and to determine whether shared genetic liability underlies the putative association.METHODS: We identified ICD-diagnosed patients with MS (n = 16,467), bipolar disorder (n = 30,761), schizophrenia (n = 22,781) and depression (n = 172,479) in the Swedish National Patient Register and identified their siblings in the Multi-Generation Register. The risk of MS was compared in psychiatric patients and in matched unexposed individuals. Shared familial risk between MS and psychiatric disorders was estimated by sibling comparison.RESULTS: The risk of MS was increased in patients with bipolar disorder (hazard ratio (HR) 1.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.6-2.2, p < 0.0001) and depression (HR 1.9, 95% CI 1.7-2.0, p < 0.0001). MS risk in schizophrenia was decreased (HR 0.6, 95% CI 0.4-0.9, p = 0.005). The association between having a sibling with a psychiatric disorder and developing MS was not significant.CONCLUSION: We found a strong positive association between MS and bipolar disorder and depression that could not be explained by genetic liability. The unexpected negative association between MS and schizophrenia might be spurious or indicate possible protective mechanisms that warrant further exploration.
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| 2. |
- Lundberg, Mathias, et al.
(författare)
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Methodological Aspects of ELISA Analysis of Thioredoxin 1 in Human Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid
- 2014
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Ingår i: PLOS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 9:7, s. e103554-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thioredoxin-1 (Trx1) is a protein antioxidant involved in major cellular processes. Increased plasma levels of Trx1 have been associated with human diseases suggesting that Trx1 is a marker for oxidative stress with putative clinical use. However, the reported mean levels of Trx1 in the control cohorts vary a hundred-fold between studies (0.8-87 ng/ml), possibly due to methodological differences between the capture ELISA used in the different studies. The aim of this study was to investigate methodological aspects related to the ELISA measurement of Trx1. ELISAs utilizing different capture and detection combinations of antibodies to Trx1 and as well as recombinant human (rh) Trx1 standards from two sources were characterized. The different ELISAs were subsequently used to measure Trx1 in human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid samples (CSF) from healthy donors and from patients with various neurological diagnoses. The Trx1 standards differed in their content of monomeric and oligomeric Trx1, which affected the ELISAs composed of different antibody combinations. Thus, the levels of Trx1 determined in human plasma and CSF samples varied depending on the antibody used in the ELISAs and on the rhTrx1 standard. Furthermore, the relevance of preventing interference by heterophilic antibodies (HA) in human plasma and CSF was investigated. The addition of a HA blocking buffer to human samples drastically reduced the ELISA signals in many samples showing that HA are likely to cause false positive results unless they are blocked. In conclusion, the study shows that the design of a Trx1 ELISA in regards to antibodies and standards used has an impact on the measured Trx1 levels. Importantly, analyses of human plasma and CSF without preventing HA interference may obscure the obtained data. Overall, the results of this study are crucial for the improvement of future studies on the association of Trx1 levels with various diseases.
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