| 1. |
- Han, Y., et al.
(författare)
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Finite element analysis of kinematic behaviour and injuries to pedestrians in vehicle collisions
- 2012
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Ingår i: International Journal of Crashworthiness. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1358-8265 .- 1754-2111. ; 17:2, s. 141-152
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In vehicle-to-pedestrian collisions, the characteristics of a vehicle's frontal shape and structural stiffness have a significant influence on the kinematics and injury risk of the pedestrian's body regions. In the present study, the kinematic behaviour and injury risk of the pedestrians were investigated in collisions against vehicles with different frontal shapes. The THUMS (Total HUman Model for Safety) pedestrian finite element (FE) model was used and impacted by three different types of vehicle FE models (passenger car, one-box vehicle and sport-utility vehicle [SUV]) representing the different frontal shapes at 40 km/h. In the simulation with the passenger car-to-pedestrian impact, the pedestrian wrapped around the hood, and the resulting bending moment of the lower extremity and head injury criterion (HIC) value were high. In the simulation with the one-box vehicle-to-pedestrian impact, the pedestrian's upper torso was directly hit by the front end of the vehicle. The pelvis and chest had contact with the stiff vehicle frontal panel, resulting in a high stress being observed on the rib cage. In the simulation with the SUV-to-pedestrian impact, the force of the pelvis was high due to the contact with the vehicle hood's leading edge. The results indicated that the frontal shape of the vehicle has a large effect on the pedestrian kinematic behaviour, including the impact velocity of the pelvis, chest, and head against the vehicle. Moreover, the stiffness of the vehicle structure can affect the deformation mode of the human body segments, such as the lower extremities and the rib cage. The injury predictions for each body region from the FE analyses agreed with observations from pedestrian accidents involving a car, one-box vehicle and SUV, respectively.
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| 2. |
- Imai, Koji, et al.
(författare)
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Validation of ozone data from the Superconducting Submillimeter-Wave Limb-Emission Sounder (SMILES)
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research. - : American Geophysical Union (AGU). - 0148-0227 .- 2156-2202 .- 2169-897X. ; 118:11, s. 5750-5769
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Superconducting Submillimeter-Wave Limb-Emission Sounder (SMILES) onboard the International Space Station provided global measurements of ozone profiles in the middle atmosphere from 12 October 2009 to 21 April 2010. We present validation studies of the SMILES version 2.1 ozone product based on coincidence statistics with satellite observations and outputs of chemistry and transport models (CTMs). Comparisons of the stratospheric ozone with correlative data show agreements that are generally within 10%. In the mesosphere, the agreement is also good and better than 30% even at a high altitude of 73km, and the SMILES measurements with their local time coverage also capture the diurnal variability very well. The recommended altitude range for scientific use is from 16 to 73km. We note that the SMILES ozone values for altitude above 26km are smaller than some of the correlative satellite datasets; conversely the SMILES values in the lower stratosphere tend to be larger than correlative data, particularly in the tropics, with less than 8% difference below similar to 24km. The larger values in the lower stratosphere are probably due to departure of retrieval results between two detection bands at altitudes below 28km; it is similar to 3% at 24km and is increasing rapidly down below.
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