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- Lobell, Håkan
(författare)
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Växelkurspolitik och marknadsintegration. De utländska växelkurserna i Sverige 1834-1880
- 2000
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation deals with the process of stabilisation of foreign exchange rates in Sweden between 1834 and 1880, a period in which foreign trade and the financial system underwent radical changes. Neither was the exchange rate policy static - although it changed within a stable framework of a specie standard. The aim of the dissertation is to analyse the growing stability of foreign exchange rates in this context. Another point of departure is recent developments in exchange rate theories, bringing into focus the behaviour of foreign exchange markets and monetary authorities as well as the role of formal institutions. From this perspective, changes in markets and market conditions were crucial in the development of the foreign exchange and monetary system in 19th century Sweden. The development of Swedish monetary and exchange policies is analysed in a broader context, with the emphasis on changes in economic and financial conditions. Policy changes are analysed in terms of foreign exchange rates and other external monetary variables. Sweden went from a silver standard regime, based almost exclusively on rules, to a gold standard regime with more discretionary measures. However, the basic norms of full convertibility remained intact. The conclusion is that policy changes largely reflect an adjustment to new economic conditions; at the same time changes in the financial system made the implementation of the Riksbank's measures more effective. In this process the Riksbank became increasingly involved in foreign exchange market intervention, providing the exchange rates with an effective floor at parity in 1845 and a ceiling at the specie export point in the early 1860s, thus preventing spontaneous external flows of specie. By the 1870s the Bank's interventions had increased and it became a leading actor in the foreign exchange market. Substantial changes occurred in the financial system and the foreign exchange market. Measures of internal market integration and efficiency - derived from exchange rate series - show that the foreign exchange market went through a process of integration between 1843 and 1880. It is also shown that the major markets in Stockholm and Gothenburg were already efficient in 1843. However, it is indicated that arbitrage between these market places only became efficient in the mid-1860s, as the financial system began to assume modern forms and communications improved. Greater integration and efficiency imply that private speculation, to an increasing degree, kept exchange rates within the specie point spread and had replaced silver arbitrage with private uncovered interest arbitrage by the 1860s. Under a specie standard, the degree of market integration influences the limits of the exchange rate range through transaction costs incurred in silver or gold arbitrage abroad. Measurements of external market integration indicate that costs for arbitrage decreased in the 1850s and 1870s. This integration narrowed the extent of the exchange rate range from roughly 4-6.5 per cent of parity in the 1830s and 1840s to 0.7-1 per cent in the 1870s. To summarise, changes in the foreign exchange policy and market conditions were factors that were closely interrelated in the process of foreign exchange rate stabilisation in Sweden between 1834 and 1880.
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- Wahlström, Ninni, 1953-
(författare)
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Makten över argumenten : Om skolan i maktutredningen och 2020 års skolundersökning
- 2022
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Ingår i: Surveyjournalen. - Växjö : Linnaeus University Press. - 2001-9327. ; 9:1, s. 2-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Under 1900-talets andra hälft genomfördes två genomgripande reformer inom skolområdet, re-formen om grundskola respektive reformen om en decentralisering av skolans styrning. Dessa båda reformer utgör samtidigt varandras motsatser vad gäller reformernas respektive innehåll och argumentation. Även reformprocesserna skiljer sig åt, vilket illustrerar hur utredningsväsendet och statens beslutsprocesser förändrades från slutet av 1950-talet till slutet av 1980-talet. Jag kommer att i denna inledning ägna visst utrymme åt dessa båda reformer, eftersom Maktutred-ningen från 1990, som står i fokus för föreliggande studie, blev en viktig vattendelare för två helt olika sätt se på styrningen av svensk skola, liksom på innebörden av begreppet ”en likvärdig skola”. I grunden handlar brottet, som det kom till uttryck i Maktutredningen (SOU 1990:44), om två olika sätt att förstå begreppet demokrati.
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- Shukla, M, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing geographical and economic inequalities in caesarean section rates between the districts of Bihar, India: a secondary analysis of the National Family Health Survey
- 2022
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Ingår i: BMJ open. - : BMJ. - 2044-6055. ; 12:1, s. e055326-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In Bihar, one of the most populous and poorest states in India, caesarean sections have increased over the last decade. However, an aggregated caesarean section rate at the state level may conceal inequities at the district level.ObjectivesThe primary aim of this study was to analyse the inequalities in the geographical and socioeconomic distribution of caesarean sections between the districts of Bihar. The secondary aim was to compare the contribution of free-for-service government-funded public facilities and fee-for-service private facilities to the caesarean section rate.SettingBihar, with a population in the 2011 census of approximately 104 million people, has a low GDP per capita (US$610), compared with other Indian states. The state has the highest crude birth rate (26.1 per 1000 population) in India, with one baby born every two seconds. Bihar is divided into 38 administrative districts, 101 subdivisions and 534 blocks. Each district has a district (Sadar) hospital, and six districts also have one or more medical college hospitals.MethodsThis retrospective secondary data analysis was based on open-source national datasets from the 2015 and 2019 National Family Health Surveys, with respective sample sizes of 45 812 and 42 843 women aged 15–49 years.ParticipantsSecondary data analysis of pregnant women delivering in public and private institutions.ResultsThe caesarean section rate increased from 6.2% in 2015 to 9.7% in 2019 in Bihar. Districts with a lower proportion of poor population had higher caesarean section rates (R2=0.45) among all institutional births, with 10.3% in private and 2.9% in public facilities. Access to private caesarean sections decreased (R2=0.46) for districts with poorer populations.ConclusionMarked inequalities exist in access to caesarean sections. The public sector needs to be strengthened to improve access to obstetric services for those who need it most.
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- Wernholt, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Nonlinear Gray-Box Identification of a Flexible Manipulator
- 2007
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Ingår i: Control Engineering Practice. - : Elsevier. - 0967-0661 .- 1873-6939.
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- A three-step procedure for time-domain nonlinear gray-box identification of an industrial manipulator containing flexibilities is studied. The aim of the first two steps is to obtain good initial values for the third prediction error minimization step. In the first step, rigid body dynamics and friction are identified using a separable least-squares method. In the second step, initial values for flexibilities are obtained using an inverse eigenvalue method. Finally, in the last step, the remaining parameters of a nonlinear graybox model are identified directly in the time domain using prediction error minimization.
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- Gatz, Sebastian
(författare)
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Xeno_Monads of Control Architectures
- 2024
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Ingår i: Book of Abstracts. ; , s. 11-11
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The “xeno” – “the other” – is a prefix found in such hyphenated bridge words such as xeno-poetics, xeno-politics, xeno-feminism, or xeno-architecture. Xeno is the other, the not-self. But who or wha tis this not-self and where is it? In contemporary architectural discourse we find an increasing interest in more-than-human justice, speculation, or realization: ontological or critical posthumanisms and new materialisms explore nonhuman agency and transhumanist or cybernetic posthumanists celebrate the (always coming) fusion of the technological other with the self in order to overcome nature’s imposed (mortal) limits. There seems to be two types of nonhumans, related to the different – and often opposing – understandings of posthumanism: the man-made nonhuman and the non-man-made nonhuman. The xeno seems to mingle with ideologies of the former. A monad – as found in different monadologies, such as Leibnitz’s or the theosophical – is the smallest part of a metaphysical entity. It is the invisible sibling of the, almost outdated and refuted, physical atom. The monad seems to be exclusively found in life, in the non-man-made. In my presentation I would like to speculate on the xeno_monad, a conceptual overlap of the man-made and non-man-made entity and where it is physically and metaphysically situated in architecture. Physically, we might find such speculative entity in either the weathering processes of ruination and decay (non-man-made) or in the digital infrastructures which make up an increasing part of our architectural matters (man-made). Metaphysically, we find it in human perception (does the nonhuman even exist without human perception?): it is found in the fear of losing control over(architectural) matters and (information) flows; it is found in the desire to project human shortcomings onto the other, the outside rather than the inside; and it is found in the spiritual, sometimes perversely mixed with the transhuman, desire to overcome human limitations.
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