| 1. |
- Gifford, Robert, et al.
(författare)
-
Temporal pessimism and spatial optimism in environmental assessments: An 18-nation study
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Psychology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0272-4944. ; 29, s. 1-12
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The personal assessments of the current and expected future state of the environment by 3232 community respondents in 18 nations were investigated at the local, national, and global spatial levels. These assessments were compared to a ranking of each country's environmental quality by an expert panel. Temporal pessimism (“things will get worse”) was found in the assessments at all three spatial levels. Spatial optimism bias (“things are better here than there”) was found in the assessments of current environmental conditions in 15 of 18 countries, but not in the assessments of the future. All countries except one exhibited temporal pessimism, but significant differences between them were common. Evaluations of current environmental conditions also differed by country. Citizens' assessments of current conditions, and the degree of comparative optimism, were strongly correlated with the expert panel's assessments of national environmental quality. Aside from the value of understanding global trends in environmental assessments, the results have important implications for environmental policy and risk management strategies.
|
|
| 2. |
- Huang, Ying Ying, 1976-, et al.
(författare)
-
Integrating Audio and Haptic Feedback in a Collaborative Virtual Environment
- 2007
-
Ingår i: proceeding of HCI International Conference.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- An ongoing study is presented here. The purpose is to design and evaluate an experiment comparing an audio/haptic/visual and ahaptic/visual VR environment supporting collaborative work among sighted and blindfolded people. We want to investigate how hapticand audio functions could improve collaboration in a shared workspace. We used a 3D VR environment that supports learning of spatial geometry. The scene is a room containing objects which you can pick up and move around by means of a touch feedback pointing device called Phantom. An experiment was performed with group work in the VR environment comparing an audio/haptic/visual interface with a haptic/visual interface of the application in alaboratory. We investigate if adding audio cues improves awareness, common ground, social presence, perceivedperformance and work efficiency. The aim is also to conduct aquantitative and qualitative analysis of the video-recordedcollaboration in order to obtain information about whether and howthe added audio information changes the work process in the groups.
|
|
| 3. |
- Sundblad, Eva-Lotta, 1956, et al.
(författare)
-
Cognitive and affective risk judgements related to climate change
- 2007
-
Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Psychology. ; 27:2, s. 97-106
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A survey investigated risk judgements related to climate change. In order to understand which the important determinants of such risk judgements are, demographic factors and knowledge were assessed in a questionnaire answered by 621 Swedish residents. Demographic factors included gender, parenthood, type and level of education, age, and level of urbanization of the place of residence, while knowledge covered knowledge of state, causes, and consequences of climate change. Regression analyses showed that both cognitive risk judgements (of probability) of serious negative consequences and affective risk judgements (worry) were predicted by knowledge of causes and knowledge of consequences of climate change, in particular health consequences. Women were more worried than men but did not differ from men with respect to the cognitive risk judgements.
|
|
| 4. |
- Sundblad, Eva-Lotta, 1956
(författare)
-
Dissemination of scientific knowledge regarding climate change
- 2007
-
Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Knowledge of climate change is provided by scientists. The issue is characterized by great complexity, as well as by scientific uncertainty. Since the knowledge is disseminated to society by others than the scientists, to be confident in one´s own knowledge in these circumstances is even more difficult. In Study I knowledge and confidence in one´s own knowledge was studied in a survey among four groups in society: experts, politicians, journalists and laypersons. The study was prompted by earlier reports both on low knowledge levels among laypersons and on information biases from journalists. The results revealed descending knowledge levels from experts, to journalists, to politicians and to laypersons. The confidence levels showed a similar pattern. However, knowledge and confidence were unequally distributed between domains. Both knowledge and confidence levels were higher for causes of, than state of and consequences of climate change. In addition, all groups had less knowledge of health consequences as compared to weather and sea/glacier consequences. The findings suggest that knowledge differences between groups are due to a filter effect in the information process. Study II tested to what extent scientific knowledge of various domains is a determinant of cognitive and affective risk judgements among laypersons. Subgroups divided by gender, parenthood, education, age and domestic urbanisation level were analyzed. The results revealed that knowledge, both of health consequences and of causes of climate change, was positively related to cognitive and affective risk judgements. Gender influenced affective judgements as women were more worried than men. Taken together, the two studies show that scientific knowledge about climate change seems to be disseminated in an unbiased manner in society and that people have adequate confidence in relation to their knowledge. Moreover, the results support the claim that both knowledge and confidence levels will increase when people learn more about climate change. Risk awareness can be raised by increased knowledge of health consequences and of causes of climate change.
|
|
| 5. |
- Sundblad, Eva-Lotta, 1956
(författare)
-
Evaluation of uncertain climate change information
- 2008
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- . Scientific uncertainty is a common characteristic of information about new research findings. Since people generally dislike uncertainty, uncertain events can be evaluated as worse than if they happen for certain, an uncertainty effect (Gneezy, List & Wu, 2006). Two studies assessed risk perception of scientifically uncertain climate change consequence. Participants, in Study 1 (N = 64) were either informed of a 50 % probability or a 100 % probability that some specific events would occur or that they occur with 100 % probability. Unexpectedly, these events were perceived as less risky in the 50 %-probability, than the 100 %-probability condition. In Study 2, other participants (N = 30) met a more elaborate test procedure. Increased risk perception was revealed for those informed of a 50 % probability as compared with a 100 % probability (although not statistically significant). The results of the two studies indicate that an uncertainty effect is dependent on elaborated mental processing.
|
|
| 6. |
|
|
| 7. |
- Sundblad, Eva-Lotta, 1956, et al.
(författare)
-
Knowledge and Confidence in Knowledge about Climate Change among Experts, Journalists, Politicians, and Laypersons.
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Environment and Behavior. ; 41, s. 281-302
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Knowledge and confidence in one´s own knowledge of climate change was investigated among experts, journalists, politicians and laypersons. Subsamples of 65 experts, 72 environmental journalists, 145 politicians being chairs of environmental committees, and 621 laypersons in Sweden responded to survey questions concerning current climate state, causes and consequences of climate change. Experts presented the highest level of knowledge, followed by journalists, politicians and laypersons. In all the groups, knowledge of causes was greater than that of climate state and of future consequences, and among the latter knowledge was less of health consequences than that of weather and sea/glacier consequences. Also, experts expressed the highest level of confidence in their own knowledge, followed by journalists, politicians and laypersons. Nevertheless, the adjustment of confidence in one’s own knowledge to actual knowledge was somewhat higher among journalists than among experts.
|
|
| 8. |
- Sundblad, Eva-Lotta, 1956
(författare)
-
People’s knowledge about climate change: Uncertainty as a guide to future commitments
- 2008
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Knowledge of climate change is provided by scientists to other groups in society who have to interact to establish sustainable development. Hence, the knowledge must reach people and the content must be evaluated as important and relevant. In Study 1, knowledge and confidence in one’s own knowledge was studied in a survey among four groups in society: experts, politicians, environmental journalists and laypersons. The study revealed gradually decreasing knowledge levels from experts to journalists, politicians and laypersons. The confidence levels showed a similar pattern. Both knowledge and confidence levels were higher for causes than state and consequences of climate change. All groups had less knowledge of health consequences as compared to weather and sea/glacier consequences. The realism of confidence in their own knowledge was somewhat higher among journalists than among experts, and relatively low among politicians and laypersons. Study II tested to what extent scientific knowledge of various domains was related to cognitive and affective risk judgements among laypersons. Subgroups divided by gender, being a parent or not, education, age and type of residence were analyzed. The results revealed that knowledge of both health consequences and causes of climate change was positively related to cognitive and affective risk judgements. Gender influenced affective but not cognitive risk judgements, as women were more worried than men. Study III revealed that information of scientific uncertainty of climate consequences influence risk perception. Study IV revealed that temporal distance to negative environmental consequences did not influence participants’ intention to mitigate CO2 emissions. Taken together, this research represents some steps towards a greater understanding of what facilitates and hinders the process toward a sustainable society. The studies show that scientific knowledge about climate change seems to be disseminated in an unbiased manner in society. Moreover, the results support the claim that both knowledge and confidence levels will increase when people learn more about climate change. In particular, risk awareness can be raised by increased knowledge of health consequences and of causes of climate change.
|
|
