| 1. |
- Beral, V, et al.
(författare)
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Alcohol, tobacco and breast cancer - collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 53 epidemiological studies, including 58515 women with breast cancer and 95067 women without the disease
- 2002
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Ingår i: British Journal of Cancer. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1532-1827 .- 0007-0920. ; 87, s. 1234-45
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Alcohol and tobacco consumption are closely correlated and published results on their association with breast cancer have not always allowed adequately for confounding between these exposures. Over 80% of the relevant information worldwide on alcohol and tobacco consumption and breast cancer were collated, checked and analysed centrally. Analyses included 58515 women with invasive breast cancer and 95067 controls from 53 studies. Relative risks of breast cancer were estimated, after stratifying by study, age, parity and, where appropriate, women's age when their first child was born and consumption of alcohol and tobacco. The average consumption of alcohol reported by controls from developed countries was 6.0 g per day, i.e. about half a unit/drink of alcohol per day, and was greater in ever-smokers than never-smokers, (8.4 g per day and 5.0 g per day, respectively). Compared with women who reported drinking no alcohol, the relative risk of breast cancer was 1.32 (1.19 - 1.45, P < 0.00001) for an intake of 35 - 44 g per day alcohol, and 1.46 (1.33 - 1.61, P < 0.00001) for greater than or equal to 45 g per day alcohol. The relative risk of breast cancer increased by 7.1% (95% CI 5.5-8.7%; P<0.00001) for each additional 10 g per day intake of alcohol, i.e. for each extra unit or drink of alcohol consumed on a daily basis. This increase was the same in ever-smokers and never-smokers (7.1 % per 10 g per day, P < 0.00001, in each group). By contrast, the relationship between smoking and breast cancer was substantially confounded by the effect of alcohol. When analyses were restricted to 22 255 women with breast cancer and 40 832 controls who reported drinking no alcohol, smoking was not associated with breast cancer (compared to never-smokers, relative risk for ever-smokers= 1.03, 95% CI 0.98 - 1.07, and for current smokers=0.99, 0.92 - 1.05). The results for alcohol and for tobacco did not vary substantially across studies, study designs, or according to 15 personal characteristics of the women; nor were the findings materially confounded by any of these factors. If the observed relationship for alcohol is causal, these results suggest that about 4% of the breast cancers in developed countries are attributable to alcohol. In developing countries, where alcohol consumption among controls averaged only 0.4 g per day, alcohol would have a negligible effect on the incidence of breast cancer. In conclusion, smoking has little or no independent effect on the risk of developing breast cancer; the effect of alcohol on breast cancer needs to be interpreted in the context of its beneficial effects, in moderation, on cardiovascular disease and its harmful effects on cirrhosis and cancers of the mouth, larynx, oesophagus and liver. (C) 2002 Cancer Research UK.
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| 2. |
- Pfaller, M.A., et al.
(författare)
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Twelve years of fluconazole in clinical practice : Global-trends in species distribution and fluconazole susceptibility of bloodstream isolates of Candida
- 2004
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Ingår i: Clinical Microbiology and Infection. - : Elsevier BV. - 1198-743X .- 1469-0691. ; 10:SUPPL. 1, s. 11-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We determined the species distribution and in-vitro susceptibility of 6082 bloodstream infection (BSI) isolates of Candida spp. collected from 250 medical centres in 32 nations over a 10-year period from 1992 through 2001. The species included 3401 C. albicans, 984 C. glabrata, 796 C. parapsilosis, 585 C. tropicalis, 153 C. krusei, 67 C. lusitaniae, 48 C. guilliermondii, 10 C. famata, 10 C. kefyr, six C. pelliculosa, five C. rugosa, four C. lipolytica, three C. dubliniensis, three C. inconspicua, two C. sake and one isolate each of C. lambica, C. norvegensis and C. zeylanoides. Minimum inhibitory concentration determinations were made using the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards reference broth microdilution method. Variation in the rank order and frequency of the different species of Candida was observed over time and by geographic area. The proportion of BSI due to C. albicans and C. glabrata increased and C. parapsilosis decreased over time in Canada, the USA and Europe. C. glabrata was an infrequent cause of BSI in Latin America and the Asia-Pacific region. Very little variation in fluconazole susceptibility was observed among isolates of C. albicans, C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis. These species accounted for 78% of all BSI and remained highly susceptible (91-100% susceptible) to fluconazole from 1992 to 2001 irrespective of geographic origin. The prevalence of fluconazole resistance among C. glabrata isolates was variable both over time and among the various countries and regions. Resistance to fluconazole among C. glabrata isolates was greatest in the USA and varied by US census region (range 0-23%). These observations are generally encouraging relative to the sustained usefulness of fluconazole as a systemically active antifungal agent for the treatment of candida BSI. © 2004 Copyright by the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.
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| 3. |
- Ward, D., et al.
(författare)
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Band Structure of 68Ge
- 2001
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Ingår i: Physical Review C (Nuclear Physics). - 0556-2813. ; 63:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The nucleus Ge-68 has been studied by gamma-ray spectroscopy following its population at high spin in the reaction Ca-40(S-32,4p) Ge-68. The reaction channel was selected with the Microball array and gamma rays were detected with the Gammasphere array. The level scheme is very complex, reflecting the many different, and presumably mixed, excitation modes in this nucleus. Nevertheless, there appear to be some simplifications in the spin range above 18 (h) over bar where we have identified a superdeformed band and several terminating bands. The results are compared with a cranked Nilsson-Strutinsky model without pairing.
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| 4. |
- Yu, C. H., et al.
(författare)
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Superdeformed and Highly Deformed Bands in 65Zn and Neutron-proton Interactions in Zn Isotopes
- 2000
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Ingår i: Physical Review C (Nuclear Physics). - 0556-2813. ; 62:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Superdeformed and highly deformed rotational bands were established in Zn-65 using the Ca-40(Si-29,4p)Zn-65 reaction, and averaged quadrupole moments were measured for two of these bands. The configurations of these bands were assigned based on Hartree-Fock calculations. One of the three bands exhibits at low (h) over bar omega a rise in the J((2)) dynamic moments of inertia that is similar to the alignment gain observed in Zn-60. A comparison of the rotational band configurations and their J((2)) moments of inertia for light Zn isotopes suggests that the rise in J((2)) is most likely caused by np interactions associated with the valence protons and neutrons occupying the g(9/2) intruder orbits.
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| 5. |
- Kelsall, N. S., et al.
(författare)
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Testing mean-field models near the N=Z line : gamma-ray spectroscopy of the T-z=1/2 nucleus Kr-73
- 2002
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Ingår i: Physical Review C. Nuclear Physics. - 0556-2813 .- 1089-490X. ; 65:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Excited states in the N=Z+1 nucleus Kr-73 have been investigated using the Ca-40(Ar-36,2pn) and Ca-40(Ca-40,alpha2pn) reactions at 145 and 160 MeV, respectively. gamma rays were detected using the Gammasphere array and events were recorded in coincidence with charged-particle and neutron detectors. The three previously observed bands were extended to high spin, and a new unfavored positive-parity band has been observed. The alignment characteristics and decay properties of the bands are all consistent with large-deformation prolate rotation, with no clear evidence for oblate bands or shape coexistence. This is quite different from neighboring Kr-72,Kr-74, indicating a strong shape-stabilizing role for the valence neutron. The experimental results are compared to extended total Routhian surface, cranked Nilsson Strutinsky, and cranked relativistic mean-field calculations. The results suggest that the paired calculations lack some important physics. Neutron-proton correlations may be the missing ingredient. There is also evidence for an unusual band crossing in the negative-parity bands, which may indicate the presence of T=0 pairing correlations. At high spin all the models can reproduce the experimental data.
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| 6. |
- Lieder, R M, et al.
(författare)
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Gamma-ray tracking arrays
- 2001
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Ingår i: PROGRESS IN PARTICLE AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS, VOL 46. ; , s. 399-407
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The next generation of 4 pi arrays for high-precision gamma -ray spectroscopy will involve "gamma -ray tracking front-end on digital signal processing techniques, which allows to extract energy, timing and spatial information on the interactions of a gamma -ray in the Ge detector by pulse shape analysis of its signals. Utilizing the information on the positions of the interaction points and the energies released at each point the tracks of the gamma -rays in a Ge shell can be reconstructed in three dimensions.
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| 7. |
- Andreoiu, Corina, et al.
(författare)
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Yrast Superdeformed Band in 59Cu
- 2000
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Ingår i: Physical Review C (Nuclear Physics). - 0556-2813. ; 62:5, s. 513011-513015
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- High-spin states in 59Cu were populated using the fusion-evaporation reactions 28Si+40Ca at a beam energy of 125 MeV and 36Ar+28Si at a beam energy of 143 MeV. The Gammasphere array in conjunction with ancillary detector systems allowed for the identification of a superdeformed rotational band in 59Cu, which was firmly linked to low-spin yrast states. Using directional correlations of oriented states, a spin-parity assignment of Iπ = 25/2+ to the band head was possible. The average quadrupole moment of the band is measured to be Qt = (2.24±0.40) e b. The characteristics of the band are compared to neighboring nuclei and predictions of different mean-field theories.
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| 8. |
- Hillier, Ladeana W, et al.
(författare)
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Sequence and comparative analysis of the chicken genome provide unique perspectives on vertebrate evolution
- 2004
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Ingår i: Nature. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 432:7018, s. 695-716
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present here a draft genome sequence of the red jungle fowl, Gallus gallus. Because the chicken is a modern descendant of the dinosaurs and the first non-mammalian amniote to have its genome sequenced, the draft sequence of its genome--composed of approximately one billion base pairs of sequence and an estimated 20,000-23,000 genes--provides a new perspective on vertebrate genome evolution, while also improving the annotation of mammalian genomes. For example, the evolutionary distance between chicken and human provides high specificity in detecting functional elements, both non-coding and coding. Notably, many conserved non-coding sequences are far from genes and cannot be assigned to defined functional classes. In coding regions the evolutionary dynamics of protein domains and orthologous groups illustrate processes that distinguish the lineages leading to birds and mammals. The distinctive properties of avian microchromosomes, together with the inferred patterns of conserved synteny, provide additional insights into vertebrate chromosome architecture.
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| 9. |
- Wilson, A. N., et al.
(författare)
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High-spin structures and alignment properties in Ce-126
- 2001
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Ingår i: Physical Review C. Nuclear Physics. - 0556-2813 .- 1089-490X. ; 6305:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Excited states in Ce-126 have been observed with the GAMMASPHERE gamma -ray detector array, used in conjunction with the MICROBALL charged-particle detector. The reaction Zn-64(Zn-64, xpn alpha) (beam energy 260 MeV) was used to populate a wide range of nuclei in the neutron-deficient region with A approximate to 120. Ce-126 was populated via the 2p evaporation channel. The three previously observed bands have been extended to higher spins and some other structures have been identified. The yrast band shows evidence of a delayed neutron alignment occurring at a rotational frequency omega approximate to0.5 MeV/(h) over bar as observed in the neighboring odd-A nucleus Pr-127. One of the two excited bands shows evidence for a similar crossing at a slightly lower frequency and also exhibits a sudden gain in alignment at omega =0.57 MeV/(h) over bar. The third band may involve the coupling of a gamma -vibrational state. All three rotational bands are discussed in terms of standard and extended cranked shell model calculations.
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| 10. |
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Highlights from the first year of Odin observations
- 2003
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Ingår i: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - : EDP Sciences. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 402, s. L39-L46
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Key Odin operational and instrumental features and highlights from our sub-millimetre and millimetre wave observations of H2O, H218O, NH3, 15NH3 and O2 are presented, with some insights into accompanying Odin Letters in this A&A issue. We focus on new results where Odin's high angular resolution, high frequency resolution, large spectrometer bandwidths, high sensitivity or/and frequency tuning capability are crucial: H2O mapping of the Orion KL, W3, DR21, S140 regions, and four comets; H2O observations of Galactic Centre sources, of shock enhanced H2O towards the SNR IC443, and of the candidate infall source IRAS 16293-2422; H218O detections in Orion KL and in comet Ikeya-Zhang; sub-mm detections of NH3 in Orion KL (outflow, ambient cloud and bar) and ρ Oph, and very recently, of 15NH3 in~Orion KL. Simultaneous sensitive searches for the 119 GHz line of O2 have resulted in very low abundance limits, which are difficult to accomodate in chemical models. We also demonstrate, by means of a quantitative comparison of Orion KL H2O results, that the Odin and SWAS observational data sets are very consistently calibrated. Odin is a Swedish-led satellite project funded jointly by the Swedish National Space Board (SNSB), the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), the National Technology Agency of Finland (Tekes), and the Centre National d'études Spatiales (CNES, France). The Swedish Space Corporation (SSC) has been the prime industrial contractor, and is also responsible for the satellite operation from its Odin Mission Control Centre at SSC in Solna and its Odin Control Centre at ESRANGE near Kiruna in northern Sweden. See also the SNSB Odin web page: http://www.snsb.se/eng_odin_intro.shtml
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