1.
Dodig-Crnkovic, Gordana, 1955
(författare)
Cognitive Architectures Based on Natural Info-Computation
2022
Ingår i: Studies in Applied Philosophy, Epistemology and Rational Ethics. - Cham : Springer. - 2192-6255 .- 2192-6263. ; , s. 3-13, s. 3-13
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat) abstract
At the time when the first models of cognitive architectures have been proposed, some forty years ago, understanding of cognition, embodiment and evolution was substantially different from today’s. So was the state of the art of information physics, information chemistry, bioinformatics, neuroinformatics, computational neuroscience, complexity theory, self-organization, theory of evolution, as well as the basic concepts of information and computation. Novel developments support a constructive interdisciplinary framework for cognitive architectures based on natural morphological computing, where interactions between constituents at different levels of organization of matter-energy and their corresponding time-dependent dynamics, lead to complexification of agency and increased cognitive capacities of living organisms that unfold through evolution. Proposed info-computational framework for naturalizing cognition considers present updates (generalizations) of the concepts of information, computation, cognition, and evolution in order to attain an alignment with the current state of the art in corresponding research fields. Some important open questions are suggested for future research with implications for further development of cognitive and intelligent technologies.
2.
Norlund, Tobias, 1991, et al.
(författare)
Transferring Knowledge from Vision to Language: How to Achieve it and how to Measure it?
2021
Ingår i: Proceedings of the Fourth BlackboxNLP Workshop on Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for NLP, pp. 149-162, Punta Cana, Dominican Republic. - : Association for Computational Linguistics.
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat) abstract
Large language models are known to suffer from the hallucination problem in that they are prone to output statements that are false or inconsistent, indicating a lack of knowledge. A proposed solution to this is to provide the model with additional data modalities that complements the knowledge obtained through text. We investigate the use of visual data to complement the knowledge of large language models by proposing a method for evaluating visual knowledge transfer to text for uni- or multimodal language models. The method is based on two steps, 1) a novel task querying for knowledge of memory colors, i.e. typical colors of well-known objects, and 2) filtering of model training data to clearly separate knowledge contributions. Additionally, we introduce a model architecture that involves a visual imagination step and evaluate it with our proposed method. We find that our method can successfully be used to measure visual knowledge transfer capabilities in models and that our novel model architecture shows promising results for leveraging multimodal knowledge in a unimodal setting.
3.
Bergström, Gustav, et al.
(författare)
Evaluating the layout quality of UML class diagrams using machine learning
2022
Ingår i: Journal of Systems and Software. - : Elsevier BV. - 0164-1212. ; 192
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat) abstract
UML is the de facto standard notation for graphically representing software. UML diagrams are used in the analysis, construction, and maintenance of software systems. Mostly, UML diagrams capture an abstract view of a (piece of a) software system. A key purpose of UML diagrams is to share knowledge about the system among developers. The quality of the layout of UML diagrams plays a crucial role in their comprehension. In this paper, we present an automated method for evaluating the layout quality of UML class diagrams. We use machine learning based on features extracted from the class diagram images using image processing. Such an automated evaluator has several uses: (1) From an industrial perspective, this tool could be used for automated quality assurance for class diagrams (e.g., as part of a quality monitor integrated into a DevOps toolchain). For example, automated feedback can be generated once a UML diagram is checked in the project repository. (2) In an educational setting, the evaluator can grade the layout aspect of student assignments in courses on software modeling, analysis, and design. (3) In the field of algorithm design for graph layouts, our evaluator can assess the layouts generated by such algorithms. In this way, this evaluator opens up the road for using machine learning to learn good layouting algorithms. Approach.: We use machine learning techniques to build (linear) regression models based on features extracted from the class diagram images using image processing. As ground truth, we use a dataset of 600+ UML Class Diagrams for which experts manually label the quality of the layout. Contributions.: This paper makes the following contributions: (1) We show the feasibility of the automatic evaluation of the layout quality of UML class diagrams. (2) We analyze which features of UML class diagrams are most strongly related to the quality of their layout. (3) We evaluate the performance of our layout evaluator. (4) We offer a dataset of labeled UML class diagrams. In this dataset, we supply for every diagram the following information: (a) a manually established ground truth of the quality of the layout, (b) an automatically established value for the layout-quality of the diagram (produced by our classifier), and (c) the values of key features of the layout of the diagram (obtained by image processing). This dataset can be used for replication of our study and others to build on and improve on this work. Editor's note: Open Science material was validated by the Journal of Systems and Software Open Science Board.
4.
Brunetta, Carlo, 1992
(författare)
Cryptographic Tools for Privacy Preservation
2021
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt) abstract
Data permeates every aspect of our daily life and it is the backbone of our digitalized society. Smartphones, smartwatches and many more smart devices measure, collect, modify and share data in what is known as the Internet of Things. Often, these devices don’t have enough computation power/storage space thus out-sourcing some aspects of the data management to the Cloud. Outsourcing computation/storage to a third party poses natural questions regarding the security and privacy of the shared sensitive data. Intuitively, Cryptography is a toolset of primitives/protocols of which security prop- erties are formally proven while Privacy typically captures additional social/legislative requirements that relate more to the concept of “trust” between people, “how” data is used and/or “who” has access to data. This thesis separates the concepts by introducing an abstract model that classifies data leaks into different types of breaches. Each class represents a specific requirement/goal related to cryptography, e.g. confidentiality or integrity, or related to privacy, e.g. liability, sensitive data management and more. The thesis contains cryptographic tools designed to provide privacy guarantees for different application scenarios. In more details, the thesis: (a) defines new encryption schemes that provide formal privacy guarantees such as theoretical privacy definitions like Differential Privacy (DP), or concrete privacy-oriented applications covered by existing regulations such as the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR); (b) proposes new tools and procedures for providing verifiable computation’s guarantees in concrete scenarios for post-quantum cryptography or generalisation of signature schemes; (c) proposes a methodology for utilising Machine Learning (ML) for analysing the effective security and privacy of a crypto-tool and, dually, proposes a secure primitive that allows computing specific ML algorithm in a privacy-preserving way; (d) provides an alternative protocol for secure communication between two parties, based on the idea of communicating in a periodically timed fashion.
5.
Tsaloli, Georgia, 1993
(författare)
Secure and Privacy-Preserving Cloud-Assisted Computing
2022
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt) abstract
Smart devices such as smartphones, wearables, and smart appliances collect significant amounts of data and transmit them over the network forming the Internet of Things (IoT). Many applications in our daily lives (e.g., health, smart grid, traffic monitoring) involve IoT devices that often have low computational capabilities. Subsequently, powerful cloud servers are employed to process the data collected from these devices. Nevertheless, security and privacy concerns arise in cloud-assisted computing settings. Collected data can be sensitive, and it is essential to protect their confidentiality. Additionally, outsourcing computations to untrusted cloud servers creates the need to ensure that servers perform the computations as requested and that any misbehavior can be detected, safeguarding security. Cryptographic primitives and protocols are the foundation to design secure and privacy-preserving solutions that address these challenges. This thesis focuses on providing privacy and security guarantees when outsourcing heavy computations on sensitive data to untrusted cloud servers. More concretely, this work: (a) provides solutions for outsourcing the secure computation of the sum and the product functions in the multi-server, multi-client setting, protecting the sensitive data of the data owners, even against potentially untrusted cloud servers; (b) provides integrity guarantees for the proposed protocols, by enabling anyone to verify the correctness of the computed function values. More precisely, the employed servers or the clients (depending on the proposed solution) provide specific values which are the proofs that the computed results are correct; (c) designs decentralized settings, where multiple cloud servers are employed to perform the requested computations as opposed to relying on a single server that might fail or lose connection; (d) suggests ways to protect individual privacy and provide integrity. More pre- cisely, we propose a verifiable differentially private solution that provides verifiability and avoids any leakage of information regardless of the participa- tion of some individual’s sensitive data in the computation or not.
6.
Petersson, Jesper, 1974, et al.
(författare)
Off the record: The invisibility work of doctors in a patient-accessible electronic health record information service.
2021
Ingår i: Sociology of health & illness. - : Wiley. - 1467-9566 .- 0141-9889. ; 43:5, s. 1270-1285
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat) abstract
In this article, we draw on Michael Lipsky's work on street-level bureaucrats and discretion to analyse a real case setting comprising an interview study of 30 Swedish doctors regarding their experiences of changes in clinical work following patients being given access to medical records information online. We introduce the notion of invisibility work to capture how doctors exercise discretion to preserve the invisibility of their work, in contrast to the well-established notion of invisible work, which denotes work made invisible by parties other than those performing it. We discuss three main forms of invisibility work in relation to records: omitting information, cryptic writing and parallel note writing. We argue that invisibility work is a way for doctors to resolve professional tensions arising from the political decision to provide patients with online access to record information. Although invisibility work is understood by doctors as a solution to government-initiated visibility, we highlight how it can create difficulties for doctors concerning accountability towards patients, peers and authorities.
7.
Rexhepi, Hanife, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
Cancer patients’ information seeking behavior related to online electronic healthcare records
2021
Ingår i: Health Informatics Journal. - : Sage Publications. - 1460-4582 .- 1741-2811. ; 27:3, s. 1-12
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat) abstract
Patients’ online access to their EHR together with the rapid proliferation of medical information on the Internet has changed how patients use information to learn about their health. Patients’ tendency to turn to the Internet to find information about their health and care is well-documented. However, little is known about patients’ information seeking behavior when using online EHRs. By using information horizons as an analytical tool this paper aims to investigate the information behavior of cancer patients who have chosen to view their EHRs (readers) and to those who have not made that option (non-readers). Thirty interviews were conducted with patients. Based on information horizons, it seems that non-reading is associated with living in a narrower information world in comparison to readers. The findings do not suggest that the smallness would be a result of active avoidance of information, or that it would be counterproductive for the patients. The findings suggest, however, that EHRs would benefit from comprehensive linking to authoritative health information sources to help users to understand their contents. In parallel, healthcare professionals should be more aware of their personal role as a key source of health information to those who choose not to read their EHRs.
8.
John, Meenu Mary, et al.
(författare)
Towards an AI-driven business development framework: A multi-case study
2023
Ingår i: Journal of Software: Evolution and Process. - : Wiley. - 2047-7481 .- 2047-7473. ; 35:6
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat) abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) and the use of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) technologies are becoming increasingly popular in companies. These technologies enable companies to leverage big quantities of data to improve system performance and accelerate business development. However, despite the appeal of ML/DL, there is a lack of systematic and structured methods and processes to help data scientists and other company roles and functions to develop, deploy and evolve models. In this paper, based on multi-case study research in six companies, we explore practices and challenges practitioners experience in developing ML/DL models as part of large software-intensive embedded systems. Based on our empirical findings, we derive a conceptual framework in which we identify three high-level activities that companies perform in parallel with the development, deployment and evolution of models. Within this framework, we outline activities, iterations and triggers that optimize model design as well as roles and company functions. In this way, we provide practitioners with a blueprint for effectively integrating ML/DL model development into the business to achieve better results than other (algorithmic) approaches. In addition, we show how this framework helps companies solve the challenges we have identified and discuss checkpoints for terminating the business case.
9.
David, I., et al.
(författare)
Blended modeling in commercial and open-source model-driven software engineering tools: A systematic study
2023
Ingår i: Software and Systems Modeling. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1619-1366 .- 1619-1374. ; 22, s. 415-447
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat) abstract
Blended modeling aims to improve the user experience of modeling activities by prioritizing the seamless interaction with models through multiple notations over the consistency of the models. Inconsistency tolerance, thus, becomes an important aspect in such settings. To understand the potential of current commercial and open-source modeling tools to support blended modeling, we have designed and carried out a systematic study. We identify challenges and opportunities in the tooling aspect of blended modeling. Specifically, we investigate the user-facing and implementation-related characteristics of existing modeling tools that already support multiple types of notations and map their support for other blended aspects, such as inconsistency tolerance, and elevated user experience. For the sake of completeness, we have conducted a multivocal study, encompassing an academic review, and grey literature review. We have reviewed nearly 5000 academic papers and nearly 1500 entries of grey literature. We have identified 133 candidate tools, and eventually selected 26 of them to represent the current spectrum of modeling tools.
10.
Hujainah, Fadhl Mohammad Omar, 1987, et al.
(författare)
SRPTackle: A semi-automated requirements prioritisation technique for scalable requirements of software system projects
2021
Ingår i: Information and Software Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0950-5849. ; 131
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat) abstract
Context Requirement prioritisation (RP) is often used to select the most important system requirements as perceived by system stakeholders. RP plays a vital role in ensuring the development of a quality system with defined constraints. However, a closer look at existing RP techniques reveals that these techniques suffer from some key challenges, such as scalability, lack of quantification, insufficient prioritisation of participating stakeholders, overreliance on the participation of professional expertise, lack of automation and excessive time consumption. These key challenges serve as the motivation for the present research. Objective This study aims to propose a new semiautomated scalable prioritisation technique called ‘SRPTackle’ to address the key challenges. Method SRPTackle provides a semiautomated process based on a combination of a constructed requirement priority value formulation function using a multi-criteria decision-making method (i.e. weighted sum model), clustering algorithms (K-means and K-means++) and a binary search tree to minimise the need for expert involvement and increase efficiency. The effectiveness of SRPTackle is assessed by conducting seven experiments using a benchmark dataset from a large actual software project. Results Experiment results reveal that SRPTackle can obtain 93.0% and 94.65% as minimum and maximum accuracy percentages, respectively. These values are better than those of alternative techniques. The findings also demonstrate the capability of SRPTackle to prioritise large-scale requirements with reduced time consumption and its effectiveness in addressing the key challenges in comparison with other techniques. Conclusion With the time effectiveness, ability to scale well with numerous requirements, automation and clear implementation guidelines of SRPTackle, project managers can perform RP for large-scale requirements in a proper manner, without necessitating an extensive amount of effort (e.g. tedious manual processes, need for the involvement of experts and time workload).
