| 26. |
- Thellman, Sam, et al.
(författare)
-
In the eyes of the beheld: Do people think that self-driving cars see what human drivers see?
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Companion of the 2023 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction. - New York, NY, USA : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 9781450399708 ; , s. 612-616
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Safe interaction with automated vehicles requires that human road users understand the differences between the capabilities and limitations of human drivers and their artificial counterparts. Here we explore how people judge what self-driving cars versus human drivers can perceive by engaging online study participants in visual perspective taking toward a car pictured in various traffic scenes. The results indicate that people do not expect self-driving cars to differ significantly from human drivers in their capability to perceive objects in the environment. This finding is important because unmet expectations can result in detrimental interaction outcomes, such as traffic accidents. The extent to which people are able to calibrate their expectations remains an open question for future research.
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| 27. |
- Thellman, Sam, et al.
(författare)
-
Lay causal explanations of human vs. humanoid behavior
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319674018 - 9783319674001 ; , s. 433-436
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study used a questionnaire-based method for investigating people's interpretations of behavior exhibited by a person and a humanoid robot, respectively. Participants were given images and verbal descriptions of different behaviors and were asked to judge the plausibility of seven causal explanation types. Results indicate that human and robot behavior are explained similarly, but with some significant differences, and with less agreement in the robot case.
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| 28. |
- Thellman, Sam, et al.
(författare)
-
Mental State Attribution to Robots: A Systematic Review of Conceptions, Methods, and Findings
-
Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The topic of mental state attribution to robots has been approached by researchers from a variety of disciplines, including psychology, neuroscience, computer science, and philosophy. As a consequence, the empirical studies that have been conducted so far exhibit considerable diversity in terms of how the phenomenon is described and how it is approached from a theoretical and methodological standpoint. This literature review addresses the need for a shared scientific understanding of mental state attribution to robots by systematically and comprehensively collating conceptions, methods, and findings from 155 empirical studies across multiple disciplines. The findings of the review include that: (1) the terminology used to describe mental state attribution to robots is diverse but largely homogenous in usage; (2) the tendency to attribute mental states to robots is determined by factors such as the age and motivation of the human as well as the behavior, appearance, and identity of the robot; (3) there is a computer < robot < human pattern in the tendency to attribute mental states that appears to be moderated by the presence of socially interactive behavior; (4) there are apparent contradictions in the empirical literature that stem from different sources of evidence, including self-report and non-verbal behavioral or neurological data. The review contributes toward more cumulative research on the topic and opens up for a transdisciplinary discussion about the nature of the phenomenon and what types of research methods are appropriate for investigation.
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| 29. |
- Thellman, Sam, et al.
(författare)
-
Out of Sight, Out of Mind? Investigating People's Assumptions About Object Permanence in Self-Driving Cars
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Companion of the 2023 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction. - New York, NY, USA : ACM Digital Library. - 9781450399708 ; , s. 602-606
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Safe and efficient interaction with autonomous road vehicles requires that human road users, including drivers, cyclists, and pedestrians, understand differences between the capabilities and limitations of self-driving vehicles and those of human drivers. In this study, we explore how people judge the ability of self-driving cars versus human drivers to keep track of out-of-sight objects by engaging online study participants in cognitive perspective taking toward a car in an animated traffic scene. The results indicate that people may expect self-driving cars to have similar object permanence capability as human drivers. This finding is important because unmet expectations on autonomous road vehicles can result in undesirable interaction outcomes, such as traffic accidents.
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| 30. |
- Thellman, Sam, et al.
(författare)
-
Social attitudes toward robots are easily manipulated
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the Companion of the 2017 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction. - New York, NY, USA : ACM Digital Library. - 9781450348850 ; , s. 299-300
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Participants in a study concerning social attitudes toward robots were randomly assigned a questionnaire form displaying a non-, semi- or highly anthropomorphic robot as a hidden intervention. Results indicate that asking people about their attitudes toward "robots" in general -- as done in some studies -- is questionable, given that (a) outcomes can vary significantly depending on the type of robot they have in mind, and (b) it is therefore easy to intentionally or unintentionally manipulate results by priming respondents with positive or negative examples.
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| 31. |
- Thellman, Sam, et al.
(författare)
-
Social Attitudes Toward Robots are Easily Manipulated
- 2017
-
Ingår i: HRI’17. - New York, NY, USA : ACM Digital Library. - 9781450348850 ; , s. 299-300
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Participants in a study concerning social attitudes toward robots were randomly assigned a questionnaire form displaying a non-, semi- or highly anthropomorphic robot as a hidden intervention. Results indicate that asking people about their attitudes toward "robots" in general -- as done in some studies -- is questionable, given that (a) outcomes can vary significantly depending on the type of robot they have in mind, and (b) it is therefore easy to intentionally or unintentionally manipulate results by priming respondents with positive or negative examples.
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| 32. |
- Thellman, Sam
(författare)
-
Social Robots as Intentional Agents
- 2021
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Social robots are robots that are intended for social interaction with people. Because of the societal benefits that they are expected to bring, social robots are likely to become more common. Notably, social robots may be able to perform tasks that require social skills, such as communicating efficiently, coordinating actions, managing relationships, and building trust and rapport. However, robotic systems currently lack most of the technological preconditions for interacting socially. This means that until the necessary technology is developed, humans will have to do most of the work coordinating social interactions with robots. However, social robots are a phenomenon that might also challenge the human ability to interact socially. In particular, the actions of social robots may be less predictable to the ordinary people who will interact with them than the comparable actions of humans. In anticipating the actions of other people, we commonly employ folk-psychological assumptions about what others are likely to believe, want, and intend to do, given the situation that they are in. Folk psychology allows us to make instantaneous, unconscious judgments about the likely actions of others around us, and therefore, to interact socially. However, the application of folk psychology will be challenged in the context of social interaction with robots because of significant differences between humans and robots.This thesis addresses the scope and limits of people's ability to interact socially with robots by treating them as intentional agents, i.e., agents whose behavior is most appropriately predicted by attributing it to underlying intentional states, such as beliefs and desires. The thesis provides an analysis of the problem(s) of attributing behavior-congruent intentional states to robots, with a particular focus on the perceptual belief problem, i.e., the problem of understanding what robots know (and do not know) about objects and events in the environment based on their perception. The thesis presents evidence that people's understanding of robots as intentional agents is important to their ability to interact socially with them but that it may also be significantly limited by (1) the extendability of the rich folk-psychological understanding that people have gained from sociocultural experiences with humans and other social animals to interactions with robots, and (2) the integrability of new experiences with robots into a usable and reasonable accurate folk psychological understanding of them. Studying the formation and application of folk psychology in interactions with robots should therefore be a central undertaking in social robotics research.
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| 33. |
- Thellman, Sam, et al.
(författare)
-
The Intentional Stance Toward Robots : Conceptual and Methodological Considerations
- 2019
-
Ingår i: CogSci'19. Proceedings of the 41st Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. - : Cognitive Science Society, Inc.. - 0991196775 - 9780991196777 ; , s. 1097-1103
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is well known that people tend to anthropomorphize in interpretationsand explanations of the behavior of robots and otherinteractive artifacts. Scientific discussions of this phenomenontend to confuse the overlapping notions of folk psychology,theory of mind, and the intentional stance. We provide a clarificationof the terminology, outline different research questions,and propose a methodology for making progress in studyingthe intentional stance toward robots empirically.
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| 34. |
- Thellman, Sam, et al.
(författare)
-
The Perceptual Belief Problem : Why Explainability Is a Tough Challenge in Social Robotics
- 2021
-
Ingår i: ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction. - : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 2573-9522. ; 10:3
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The explainability of robotic systems depends on people’s ability to reliably attribute perceptual beliefs to robots, i.e., what robots know (or believe) about objects and events in the world based on their perception. However, the perceptual systems of robots are not necessarily well understood by the majority of people interacting with them. In this article, we explain why this is a significant, difficult, and unique problem in social robotics. The inability to judge what a robot knows (and does not know) about the physical environment it shares with people gives rise to a host of communicative and interactive issues, including difficulties to communicate about objects or adapt to events in the environment. The challenge faced by social robotics researchers or designers who want to facilitate appropriate attributions of perceptual beliefs to robots is to shape human–robot interactions so that people understand what robots know about objects and events in the environment. To meet this challenge, we argue, it is necessary to advance our knowledge of when and why people form incorrect or inadequate mental models of robots’ perceptual and cognitive mechanisms. We outline a general approach to studying this empirically and discuss potential solutions to the problem.
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| 35. |
- Thellman, Sam, et al.
(författare)
-
What Is It Like to Be a Bot? : Toward More Immediate Wizard-of-Oz Control in Social Human–Robot Interaction
- 2017
-
Ingår i: HAI 2017 Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Human Agent Interaction. - New York, NY. : ACM Press. - 9781450351133 ; , s. 435-438
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several Wizard-of-Oz techniques have been developed to make robots appear autonomous and more social in human-robot interaction. Many of the existing solutions use control interfaces that introduce significant time delays and hamper the robot operator's ability to produce socially appropriate responses in real time interactions. We present work in progress on a novel wizard control interface designed to overcome these limitations:a motion tracking-based system which allows the wizard to act as if he or she is the robot. The wizard sees the other through the robot's perspective, and uses his or her own bodily movements to control it. We discuss potential applications and extensions of this system, and conclude by discussing possible methodological advantages and disadvantages.
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| 36. |
- Thellman, Sam, et al.
(författare)
-
Will It Yield: Expectations on Automated Shuttle Bus Interactions With Pedestrians and Bicyclists
- 2023
-
Ingår i: HRI '23: Companion of the 2023 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction. - New York, NY, USA : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 9781450399708 ; , s. 292-296
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Autonomous vehicles that operate on public roads need to be predictable to others, including vulnerable road users. In this study, we asked participants to take the perspective of videotaped pedestrians and cyclists crossing paths with an automated shuttle bus, and to (1) judge whether the bus would stop safely in front of them and (2) report whether the bus's actual stopping behavior accorded with their expectations. The results show that participants expected the bus to brake safely in approximately two thirds of the human-vehicle interactions, more so to pedestrians than cyclists, and that they tended to underestimate rather than overestimate the bus's capability to yield in ways that they considered as safe. These findings have implications for the design and implementation of automated shuttle bus services.
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| 37. |
- Thill, Serge, et al.
(författare)
-
The Role of Intentions in Human-Robot Interaction
- 2017
-
Ingår i: HRI’17. - New York, NY, USA : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 9781450348850 ; , s. 427-428
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- To be able to understand the intentions of other agents is a fundamental prerequisite for engaging in, for instance, instrumental helping or mutual collaboration. In HRI, the challenge is bi-directional: not only does a robot need the ability to infer intentions of humans, but humans also need to infer the intentions of the robot. It is therefore important to be clear about the theoretical frameworks and inherent assumptions underlying technological implementations related to mutual intention understanding. This remains very much an active research area in which further development is necessary. The core purpose of this workshop is to advance the state of the art in this area.
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| 38. |
- Thunberg, Sofia, et al.
(författare)
-
A Wizard of Oz Approach to Robotic Therapy for Older Adults With Depressive Symptoms
- 2021
-
Ingår i: HRI '21 Companion: Companion of the 2021 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction. - New York, NY, USA : Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). - 9781450382908 ; , s. 294-297
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Older adults with late-life depression often suffer from cognitive symptoms, such as dementia. This patient group is not prioritised for psychotherapy and therefore often medicated with antidepressants. However, in the last 20-years, the evidence base for psychotherapy has increased and one promising area is technology-based psychotherapy. Investigations of the possibilities in this area are also motivated by the Covid-19 pandemic, where many older adults are isolated, which makes it impossible for them to meet with a therapist. Therefore, we have developed a Wizard of Oz system allowing a human therapist to control a humanoid robot through a graphical user interface, including natural speech for natural conversations, which enables the robot to be stationed in, for example, a care home. For future research, we will conduct user-centered studies with both therapists and older adults to further develop the system.
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
- Thunberg, Sofia, et al.
(författare)
-
Are People Ready for Unexpected Encounters With Social Robots?
- 2020
-
Ingår i: The Forgotten in HRI.
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent developments in robotics are potentially changing the nature of service, and research in human-robot interaction has previously shown that humanoid robots could possibly work in public spaces. We conducted a mixed-method study with the humanoid robot Pepper at a central train station. The results indicate that people are not yet accustomed to talking to robots, and people seem to expect that the robot does not talk, that it is a queue ticket machine, or that one should interact with it by using the tablet on the robot's chest.
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| 41. |
- Thunberg, Sofia, 1994-
(författare)
-
Companion Robots for Older Adults : A Mixed-Methods Approach to Deployments in Care Homes
- 2024
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis explores, through a mixed-methods approach, what happens when companion robots are deployed in care homes for older adults by looking at different perspectives from key stakeholders. Nine studies are presented with decision makers in municipalities, care staff and older adults, as participants, and the studies have primarily been carried out in the field in care homes and activity centres, where both qualitative (e.g., observations and workshops) and quantitative data (surveys) have been collected. The thesis shows that companion robots seem to be here to stay and that they can contribute to a higher quality of life for some older adults. It further presents some challenges with a certain discrepancy between what decision makers want and what staff might be able to facilitate. For future research and use of companion robots, it is key to evaluate each robot model and potential use case separately and develop clear routines for how they should be used, and most importantly, let all stakeholders be part of the process. The knowledge contribution is the holistic view of how different actors affect each other when emerging robot technology is introduced in a care environment.
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| 42. |
- Thunberg, Sofia, et al.
(författare)
-
Do robot pets decrease agitation in dementia patients? : An Ethnographic Approach
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Social Robotics: 12th International Conference, ICSR 2020, Golden, CO, USA, November 14–18, 2020, Proceedings. - Cham : Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. - 9783030620554 - 9783030620561 ; , s. 616-627
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Companion robots, and especially robotic pets, have been argued to have the potential for improving the well-being of elderly people with dementia. Previous research has mainly focused on short-term studies, conducted with relatively expensive robot platforms. With cheaper options on the market, residential homes in Sweden have started to use low-cost off-the-shelf platforms, such as the Joy for All cats and dogs, which have not been the subject of much previous research. We therefore conducted two ethnographic long-term studies of real-world use of the Joy for All robot cat and dog at a care home facility. The care staff report positive outcomes regarding reminiscence and improved well-being, with decreased agitation and increased communication. Furthermore, the robots are perceived to provide companionship and to give patients the feeling of being able to take care of someone. Based on the insights gained in this real-world study of the use of robotic pets in elderly care, we identify a number of research questions and methodological issues for future research.
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| 43. |
- Thunberg, Sofia, et al.
(författare)
-
Don't Judge a Book by its Cover : A Study of the Social Acceptance of NAO vs. Pepper
- 2017
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In an explorative study concerning the social acceptance of two specific humanoid robots, the experimenter asked participants (N = 36) to place a book in an adjacent room. Upon entering the room, participants were confronted by a NAO or a Pepper robot expressing persistent opposition against the idea of placing the book in the room. On average, 72% of participants facing NAO complied with the robot's requests and returned the book to the experimenter. The corresponding figure for the Pepper robot was 50%, which shows that the two robot morphologies had a different effect on participants' social behavior. Furthermore, results from a post-study questionnaire (GODSPEED) indicated that participants perceived NAO as more likable, intelligent, safe and lifelike than Pepper. Moreover, participants used significantly more positive words and fewer negative words to describe NAO than Pepper in an open-ended interview. There was no statistically significant difference between conditions in participants' negative attitudes toward robots in general, as assessed using the NARS questionnaire.
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| 44. |
- Thunberg, Sofia, 1994-, et al.
(författare)
-
Evaluation of PICTIVE as a User-Centered Design Method in Human-Robot Interaction
- 2019
-
Ingår i: 1st Edition of Quality of Interaction in Socially Assistive Robots (QISAR) Workshop.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Interaction between humans and interactive robots will benefit if people have a clear mental model of the robots' intent and situation awareness. But how do we design human-robot interactions to achieve this? Previous research has shown that one can change people's mental models of robots by manipulating the robot's physical appearance, but this has often not been done in a user-centered way, i.e. that interactions are not created based on what users need and want. We tested how a participatory design method, PICTIVE, could be used to extract design ideas about how a humanoid robot could communicate intent and awareness. Five participants went through three phases: label, sketch and interview; based on eight scenarios, from the state-of-the-art tasks in the RoboCup@Home challenge. The results show that participatory design can be a suitable method to create design concepts in HRI.
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| 45. |
- Thunberg, Sofia, et al.
(författare)
-
Social Robots in Care Homes for Older Adults : Observations from Participatory Design Workshops
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Social Robotics. - Cham : SPRINGER INTERNATIONAL PUBLISHING AG. ; , s. 475-486
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Evaluations of social robots for older adults in care home environments during the past 20 years have shown mostly positive results. However, many of these studies have been short-term and with few participants, as well as limited to few countries. Recent evidence, however, indicates that social robots might not work in all settings or for everyone. Therefore, we conducted a participatory workshop with key stakeholders as an attempt to begin to disentangle the many interrelated factors behind a successful implementation. The result showed similarities in preferred embodiment and morphology, differences in behavioural complexity and task performance, as well as a maybe surprising lack of interest in emotional support. It further showed that older adults living in care homes prior—to meeting social robots—showed relatively little interest in these robots. Based on these observations, we formulate future research directions.
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| 46. |
- Thunberg, Sofia, et al.
(författare)
-
User-centred design of humanoid robots’ communication
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Paladyn - Journal of Behavioral Robotics. - : Walter de Gruyter GmbH. - 2080-9778 .- 2081-4836. ; 12:1, s. 58-73
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Interaction between humans and robots will benefit if people have at least a rough mental model of what a robot knows about the world and what it plans to do. But how do we design human-robot interactions to facilitate this? Previous research has shown that one can change people’s mental models of robots by manipulating the robots’ physical appearance. However, this has mostly not been done in a user-centred way, i.e. without a focus on what users need and want. Starting from theories of how humans form and adapt mental models of others, we investigated how the participatory design method, PICTIVE, can be used to generate design ideas about how a humanoid robot could communicate. Five participants went through three phases based on eight scenarios from the state-of-the-art tasks in the RoboCup@Home social robotics competition. The results indicate that participatory design can be a suitable method to generate design concepts for robots’ communication in human-robot interaction.
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| 47. |
- Ziemke, Tom, 1969-
(författare)
-
Czym jest to, co zwiemy ucieleśnieniem? : (What's that Thing Called Embodiment?)
- 2015
-
Ingår i: AVANT - Trends in Interdisciplinary Studies. - Warsaw, Poland : Osrodek Badan Filozoficznych. - 2082-6710. ; VI:3, s. 161-174
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ucieleśnienie stało się ważnym pojęciem wielu obszarów kognitywistyki. Jednakróżnie określa się, czym ono dokładnie jest i jakiego rodzaju ciała wymagasię dla określonego typu poznania ucieleśnionego. Stąd chociaż wiele osóbzgodziłoby się dzisiaj, że ludzie są ucieleśnionymi podmiotami poznającymi,nie ma pełnej zgody co do tego, jakiego rodzaju artefakt można uznać za ucieleśniony.W tym artykule wyróżniamy i zestawiamy sześć różnych pojęć ucieleśnienia,które z grubsza można scharakteryzować jako: (1) sprzężenie strukturalnemiędzy podmiotem [agent] a środowiskiem, (2) ucieleśnienie historycznejako coś, co wynika z historii sprzężenia strukturalnego, (3) ucieleśnieniefizyczne, (4) ucieleśnienie organizmoidalne, czyli dotyczące organizmopodobnychform cielesnych (na przykład robotów humanoidalnych), (5) ucieleśnienieorganizmowe autopojetycznych, żywych systemów oraz (6) ucieleśnieniespołeczne.
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| 48. |
- Ziemke, Tom, professor, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
-
How puzzling is the social artifact puzzle?
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Behavioral and Brain Sciences. - 0140-525X .- 1469-1825. ; 46
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In this commentary we would like to question (a) Clark and Fischer's characterization of the “social artifact puzzle” – which we consider less puzzling than the authors, and (b) their account of social robots as depictions involving three physical scenes – which to us seems unnecessarily complex. We contrast the authors' model with a more parsimonious account based on attributions.
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| 49. |
- Ziemke, Tom, 1969-
(författare)
-
Understanding robots
- 2020
-
Ingår i: SCIENCE ROBOTICS. - Washington, DC, United States : AMER ASSOC ADVANCEMENT SCIENCE. - 2470-9476. ; 5:46
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Elucidating the neural and psychological mechanisms underlying people’s interpretation of robot behavior can inform the design of interactive autonomous systems, such as social robots and automated vehicles.
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| 50. |
- Ziemke, Tom, professor, 1969-
(författare)
-
Understanding Social Robots: Attribution of Intentional Agency to Artificial and Biological Bodies
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Artificial Life. - : MIT Press. - 1064-5462 .- 1530-9185. ; 29:3, s. 351-366
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Much research in robotic artificial intelligence (AI) and Artificial Life has focused on autonomous agents as an embodied and situated approach to AI. Such systems are commonly viewed as overcoming many of the philosophical problems associated with traditional computationalist AI and cognitive science, such as the grounding problem (Harnad) or the lack of intentionality (Searle), because they have the physical and sensorimotor grounding that traditional AI was argued to lack. Robot lawn mowers and self-driving cars, for example, more or less reliably avoid obstacles, approach charging stations, and so on—and therefore might be considered to have some form of artificial intentionality or intentional directedness. It should be noted, though, that the fact that robots share physical environments with people does not necessarily mean that they are situated in the same perceptual and social world as humans. For people encountering socially interactive systems, such as social robots or automated vehicles, this poses the nontrivial challenge to interpret them as intentional agents to understand and anticipate their behavior but also to keep in mind that the intentionality of artificial bodies is fundamentally different from their natural counterparts. This requires, on one hand, a “suspension of disbelief ” but, on the other hand, also a capacity for the “suspension of belief.” This dual nature of (attributed) artificial intentionality has been addressed only rather superficially in embodied AI and social robotics research. It is therefore argued that Bourgine and Varela’s notion of Artificial Life as the practice of autonomous systems needs to be complemented with a practice of socially interactive autonomous systems, guided by a better understanding of the differences between artificial and biological bodies and their implications in the context of social interactions between people and technology.
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