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| 2. |
- Chapman, T, et al.
(författare)
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Sexual conflict
- 2003
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Ingår i: Trends in Ecology & Evolution. - 0169-5347 .- 1872-8383. ; 18, s. 41-47
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 3. |
- Hedenström, Anders
(författare)
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A general law for animal locomotion?
- 2004
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Ingår i: Trends in Ecology & Evolution. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-8383 .- 0169-5347. ; 19:5, s. 217-219
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The propulsion system of animals that fly or swim are quite different from each other in their morphology and function, yet the propulsive efficiency could be maximized by a surprising similarity in the fine tuning of flapping frequency, amplitude and forward speed, according to a new study by Taylor et A This conclusion was based on an analysis of the Strouhal number, which is a dynamic similarity index relevant to propulsion that relies on vortex shedding for thrust generation. Such fine-tuning of the propulsive system suggests possible consequences for physiological and ecological adaptations related to, for example muscle operating frequency and optimal speed of muscle contraction.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Sih, Andrew, et al.
(författare)
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New insights on how temporal variation in predation risk shapes prey behavior
- 2000
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Ingår i: Trends in Ecology and Evolution. - 0169-5347. ; 15, s. 3-4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The fact that predators come and go, so that individual prey experience temporal variations in predation risk, is an almost unavoidable aspect of nature. Predation risk routinely varies seasonally1, across lunar cycles2 and diurnal cycles3, or on a moment-to-moment basis4. In spite of its near ubiquity in nature, until recently no theory has focused explicitly on the effects of temporal variation in risk on prey behavior. That is, existing theory has generally taken a static view – contrasting antipredator effort for prey facing constant high versus constant low predation risk. Now, however, a new model by Steven Lima and Peter Bednekoff5 has extended the ‘Risk Spreading Theorem’6, to show that the pattern of temporal variation in predation risk experienced by individual prey can be crucial for understanding patterns of antipredator effort. Their model has produced insights that are important for empiricists because, to date, experiments have not addressed these temporal effects, and because, perhaps more importantly, the model suggests that standard laboratory protocols might err systematically in estimating the importance of predation risk in nature.
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| 6. |
- Beckerman, A, et al.
(författare)
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Population dynamic consequences of delayed life-history effects
- 2002
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Ingår i: Trends in Ecology & Evolution. - 1872-8383. ; 17:6, s. 263-269
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Evidence from wildlife and human populations indicates that conditions during early development can have marked effects on the subsequent performance of individuals and cohorts. Likewise, the effects of maternal and, more generally, parental environments can be transferred among individuals between generations. These delayed life-history effects are found consistently and suggestions have been made that they can be one source of both variability and of delayed density dependence in population dynamics. Assessments of several different time series indicate that population variability and delayed density dependence are common and that understanding the mechanisms giving rise to them is crucial for the interpretation and application of such models to basic and applied research. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the different ways in which history in the life history might give rise to variability and delayed density dependence in population dynamics. Here, we build on recent appraisals of the pervasive influence of past environmental conditions on current and future fitness and link the details of these life-history studies to classic features of population dynamics.
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| 7. |
- Bengtsson, Jan, et al.
(författare)
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Biodiversity, disturbances, ecosystem function and management of European forests
- 2000
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Ingår i: Trends in Ecology & Evolution. - 1872-8383. ; 132:1, s. 39-50
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We review the effects of human impact on biodiversity of European forests in the light of recent views on disturbances and succession in ecosystems, and discuss recent ideas on how biodiversity affects ecosystem functions such as productivity and ecosystem stability. With this as a background we discuss how to better manage European forests for both production and biodiversity. We argue that the next generation of forestry practices need to understand and mimic natural disturbance dynamics much better than the present ones. Of particular importance is the fact that most species in European forests have evolved in forests that were to a large extent influenced by large grazers, first by megaherbivores and later, in historic times, by domestic animals. We highlight several areas where new knowledge and management tools are urgently needed: (i) How do species survive and adapt to the natural disturbance regimes in different regions and forest types? (ii) How can new and imaginative forest management practices be devised that take natural disturbance regimes into account? (iii) How does forest biodiversity affect ecosystem function and stability in a changing world, in particular in the light of predicted climate changes? (iv) How are ecological processes at different levels and scales related to diversity, and how do different management practices affect biodiversity? (v) How can efficient agroforestry methods be developed to preserve biodiversity? (vi) What is the role of humans and human behaviour for sustainable management of ecosystems? (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 8. |
- Hedenström, Anders
(författare)
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Aerodynamics, evolution and ecology of avian flight
- 2002
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Ingår i: Trends in Ecology & Evolution. - 1872-8383. ; 17:9, s. 415-422
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Animal flight poses intriguing questions about biological adaptation, from how flight could have evolved to the morphological and physiological designs that enable flight to occur. Aerodynamic theory provides ecologists with a useful tool for understanding the basic physics of flight, but analysing flapping flight aerodynamics in birds is difficult, with interesting physiological complications. Recent research, using sophisticated techniques, has generated new and exciting insights about the evolution of flight, the function of tails and the ecological adaptations to a flying lifestyle.
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| 9. |
- Johannesson, Kerstin, 1955
(författare)
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Parallel speciation: a key to sympatric divergence
- 2001
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Ingår i: Trends in Ecology & Evolution. - 0169-5347. ; 16:3, s. 148-153
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Until recently our view of speciation was that reproductive isolation evolves during long periods of allopatry through the accumulation of genetic differences that result in genetic incompatibility. This view now contrasts with new findings that characters affecting reproductive isolation can diverge rapidly in sympatry as a result of natural selection. Recent studies combining research on phylogeny and ecology of natural populations cast new light on patterns, timescales and mechanisms, and emphasize the role of ecological factors in speciation, Studies of parallel speciation provide a strong case for sympatric speciation and for natural selection generating reproductive barriers.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Lundberg, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Population variability in space and time
- 2000
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Ingår i: Trends in Ecology & Evolution. - 1872-8383. ; 15:11, s. 460-464
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One of the most ubiquitous phenomena of all natural populations is their variability in numbers in space and time. However, there are notable differences among populations in the way the population size fluctuates. One of the major challenges in population and community ecology is to explain and understand this variety and to find possible underlying rules that might be modified from case-to-case. Population variability also has a spatial component because fluctuations are often synchronized over relatively large distances. Recently, this has led to growing interest in how 'internal' (density-dependent) processes interact with 'external' factors such as environmental variability.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Webster, M S, et al.
(författare)
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Links between worlds: unraveling migratory connectivity
- 2002
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Ingår i: Trends in Ecology & Evolution. - 1872-8383. ; 17:2, s. 76-83
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Migration is the regular seasonal movement of animals from one place to another, often from a breeding site to a nonbreeding site and back. Because the act of migration makes it difficult to follow individuals and populations year round, our understanding of the ecology and evolution of migrating organisms, particularly binds, has been severely impeded. Exciting new advances in satellite telemetry, genetic analyses and stable isotope chemistry are now making it possible to determine the population and geographical origin of individual birds. Here, we review these new approaches and consider the relevance of understanding migratory connectivity to ecological, evolutionary and conservation issues.
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| 14. |
- Åkesson, Susanne
(författare)
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Tracking fish movements in the ocean
- 2002
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Ingår i: Trends in Ecology & Evolution. - 1872-8383. ; 17:2, s. 56-57
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Until recent technical developments, such as the use of satellite telemetry, little has been known about the movements, physiology and behaviour of long-distance migratory fish. Recently, Bloch and co-workers used electronic data storage tags surgically implanted into bluefin tuna Thunnus thynnus or linked to satellites, to reveal interesting details of the movement patterns, area use and environmental preferences of these fish. These studies should be extended to other marine animals for which the breeding biology, genetic population exchange and migrations are still largely unknown.
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