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1.	Belle, Simon, et al. (author) Both climate trends and short-term fluctuations affected algae-zooplankton interactions in a boreal lake during the late Holocene 2021 In: Freshwater Biology. - : Wiley. - 0046-5070 .- 1365-2427. ; 66, s. 2076-2085 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Most studies aiming to explore the response of algae and zooplankton trophic interactions to climate variability have only been focused on unidirectional and very short-term trends in temperature changes. As a result, the non-stationary aspect of climate change (warming and cooling periods, frequencies) remains completely unstudied. We studied elemental and stable isotope composition of sedimentary organic matter, photosynthetic pigments, and carbon stable isotope composition of Cladocera resting eggs in a sediment record covering the last c. 2,600 years. We examined how past climate change acting at different timescales affected algal biomass and community composition, and carbon assimilation by zooplankton in a boreal lake. Our study revealed major effects of both long-term climate trends and shorter-term fluctuations on algae-zooplankton interactions in a boreal lake. We found the main climate trends, in particular the Little Ice Age, induced algal biomass and community composition changes and drastic changes in carbon assimilation by zooplankton. Interestingly, we found that temperature fluctuations could also contribute to regulating algae-zooplankton interactions. Specifically, we observed drastic changes in sedimentary markers and stable isotope composition of zooplankton remains during the most recent period, suggesting a strong influence of ongoing anthropogenic change on algae-zooplankton interactions. Our study confirms previous findings showing close long-term linkage between the temporal dynamics of zooplankton diet and planktonic algae, and that both climate trends and short-term fluctuations are key in regulating consumer-resource trophic interactions. Novel approaches that combine high temporal resolution paleolimnological reconstructions and contemporary monitoring studies are needed to better understand climate change effects on algae-zooplankton interactions and lake food webs.
2.	Belle, Simon, et al. (author) Effects of temperature on food isotopic integrity and trophic fractionation in Chironomus riparius in laboratory experiments 2020 In: Hydrobiologia. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0018-8158 .- 1573-5117. ; 847, s. 1257-1267 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Our experimental study was designed to assess the effects of temperature on food isotopic integrity and trophic fractionations (of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes: Delta C-13 and Delta N-15) in chironomid larvae. A laboratory experiment was run using Chironomus riparius larvae at 15, 18 and 23 degrees C, and under three pulverized food resources. There were significant changes in the stable isotopic composition of the uneaten food, revealing the difficulty of preventing food microbial degradation in rearing experiments. C/N ratios of chironomid larvae were also affected by temperature, regardless of the food resource, suggesting changes in lipid contents and associated effects on the larval delta C-13 values. Therefore, differences in calculation methods (with vs. without lipid normalizations, fresh vs. old food isotopic baselines) induced large variability in Delta C-13 and Delta N-15 values, but our trophic fractionation estimates were similar to those previously reported in literature. Therefore, we conclude that temperature is not a major driver of the variability in trophic fractionations for chironomid larvae, and stable isotope composition of aquatic consumers can be used in food webs studies under changing temperature conditions. Variability in trophic fractionation estimates should, however, be considered to avoid misinterpretations of food web structure.
3.	Belle, Simon, et al. (author) Functional diversity of chironomid communities in subarctic lakes across gradients in temperature and catchment characteristics 2021 In: Limnology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1439-8621 .- 1439-863X. ; 22, s. 5-16 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Northern ecosystems are experiencing rapid and large-scale changes driven by accelerated warming, which have profound effects on the terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity. A comprehensive understanding of the distribution of aquatic biodiversity of subarctic ecosystems is therefore needed to better predict future trajectories of their unique biodiversity. In this study, we examined the functional diversity of chironomid communities in subarctic lakes across a 1000 m-elevation gradient, reflecting gradual changes in temperature and landscape characteristics. Using fuzzy correspondence analyses, we investigated spatial variability in trait composition of chironomid communities from 100 lakes in northern Sweden, and tested the hypotheses that (1) climate directly and indirectly shapes chironomid trait composition across the studied gradient, and (2) that generalist taxa with smaller body size and broader food preferences are more able to persist in cold environments. Our results showed that complex interplays between direct (e.g. temperature) and indirect climate processes (e.g. elevation-driven changes in vegetation/habitats) affect the functional diversity of chironomid communities. Specifically, traits such as larval size, food preference and feeding habits were well separated along the gradient, and this pattern revealed that low elevation lakes with forested catchments tended to have more sediment-feeding taxa and larger larvae than those above the tree line. As expected, food resource availability in lakes is strongly linked to vegetation composition/cover, and traits related to resource exploitation in chironomid communities are therefore well constrained by landscape characteristics. Furthermore, our findings suggested that short life cycles could facilitate the development of viable population in northern and high-elevation lakes where the short ice-free period is a limiting factor, thus contradicting patterns showing smaller organisms in warmer environments reported for other invertebrates. As a consequence of climate warming, the highest elevation lakes in subarctic landscapes will likely lose their typical cold-adapted chironomid taxa along with their functional attributes leading to potential impacts on the food web structure and the overall functioning of northern lake ecosystems.
4.	Belle, Simon, et al. (author) Unravelling chironomid biodiversity response to climate change in subarctic lakes across temporal and spatial scales 2022 In: Hydrobiologia. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0018-8158 .- 1573-5117. ; 849, s. 2621-2633 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract We combined paleolimnological reconstructions and space-for-time substitutions to unravel chironomid biodiversity responses to climate change in subarctic mountains across temporal and spatial scales. Using sediment records, we found that long-term temporal changes in chironomid taxonomic diversity were mainly induced by the temperature tolerance/optimum of species, while little changes in functional diversity were found due to the replacement of similar functional-type taxa within the community. Overall, paleolimnological reconstructions suggested the selection of larger chironomid species by long-term climate cooling and little changes in trophic guilds. Space-for-time substitutions showed, however that low-elevation lakes with forested have more sediment-feeding taxa and larger larvae than high-elevation lakes, thus, suggesting the selection of large chironomid morphotypes with a sediment-feeding mode under warmer climate. Space-for-time substitutions and paleolimnological reconstructions, therefore, gave contrasting results for the link between climate and functional diversity of chironomid communities, likely because space-for-time substitutions failed to match the extent of both spatial and temporal climatic gradients. We suggest that future studies must address biodiversity issues across both temporal and spatial scales as an improved understanding of biodiversity responses to climate change may help us to understand how biodiversity will be affected by ongoing and future change.
5.	Bighiu, Maria, et al. (author) Interactions with freshwater biofilms cause rapid removal of common herbicides through degradation - evidence from microcosm studies 2021 In: Environmental Science: Processes and Impacts. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2050-7887 .- 2050-7895. ; 23, s. 66-72 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract We investigated the role of periphyton biofilms for the fate of three common herbicides, i.e. bentazone, metazachlor and metribuzin, at low, environmental levels and 100 times higher, during a 16 days laboratory experiment. We found that herbicide water concentrations were stable during the first 8 days, whereas substantial declines (>78%) occurred between days 8-16 for all three herbicides. These rapid declines were explained only to a small extent (<8% of the total herbicide loss) by biofilm sorption. As herbicide concentrations in light and dark treatments without biofilms were similar, and the applied light regimen did not cover the UV-spectrum, herbicide photolysis was ruled out as a possible explanation for the observed declines. Furthermore, based on the compounds' characteristics, also volatilization was judged negligible. Therefore, we conjecture that the observed declines in herbicides were due to biodegradation and subsequent evasion of (CO2)-C-14 that was driven by enzymatic action from heterotrophic microbes. We reason that heterotrophic microbes used herbicide molecules as labile organic C-sources during C-limitation. Future studies should identify the microbial communities and genes involved in biodegradation in order to understand better the role of biofilms for the self-purification of surface waters.
6.	Bighiu, Maria, et al. (author) Limited effects of pesticides on stream macroinvertebrates, biofilm nematodes, and algae in intensive agricultural landscapes in Sweden 2020 In: Water Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0043-1354 .- 1879-2448. ; 174 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Pesticides are frequently detected in surface waters, sometimes at levels exceeding ecotoxicological guidelines. We screened for almost 100 pesticides in 32 streams from intense agricultural areas in Southern Sweden, in concert with water chemistry parameters. In addition, we investigated the communities of benthic macroinvertebrates, biofilm nematodes and algae and calculated multiple bioassessment metrics. The number of pesticides found in each stream ranged between 2 and 52, but the sum of Toxic Units (Sigma TU) for the mixtures was generally low, and exceeded the European Uniform Principles only in a single sample for algae and in 2% of the samples for Daphnia. Only nematode communities were significantly correlated with the Sigma TU, potentially due to their higher pesticide exposure in biofilms. Diatom metrics showed that most streams were impacted by eutrophication and macroinvertebrate metrics showed good status in most streams, whereas the SPEAR(pesticides) (SPEcies At Risk) index, specifically designed to indicate pesticide effects, showed that about half of the samples were at risk. Interestingly, SPEAR(pesticides) was not correlated to Sigma TUDaphnia and this discrepancy suggests that redefining the boundaries for quality classes might be necessary for this index. Moreover, SPEAR(pesticides) was positively correlated with the commonly used macroinvertebrate index ASPT, although disparate results were found for several streams. We argue that this questions the scaling of both metrics and the specificity of their responses. We discuss that the overall good/moderate status of the streams, despite the intense agriculture in the catchments, can be due to the fact that i) a sampling strategy with repeated grab samples did not capture peak pesticide concentrations, thus underestimating acute exposure, ii) pesticide run-off indeed was low, due to measures such as buffer strips, and iii) the nutrient-rich conditions and high sediment loads counteracted pesticide toxicity. We conclude that agricultural land use was the overriding stressor in the investigated streams, including strong effects of nutrients, less apparent effects of pesticides and likely impact of hydromorphological alterations (not specifically addressed in this study). (C) 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
7.	Bighiu, Maria, et al. (author) Pesticide Mixtures Cause Short-Term, Reversible Effects on the Function of Autotrophic Periphyton Assemblages 2020 In: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. - : Wiley. - 0730-7268 .- 1552-8618. ; 39:7, s. 1367-1374 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract In a laboratory experiment we investigated the effects of pesticide mixtures on the structure and function of freshwater biofilms, with focus on their photoautotrophic component. We identified 6 herbicides and 1 fungicide commonly found in Swedish streams at relatively high concentrations and created 3 ternary mixtures that were tested in concentration series ranging from observed environmental concentrations to up to 100 times higher. Biofilms were exposed to these pesticide mixtures for 8 d and then allowed to recover for another 12 d. Our results show a rapid and consistent inhibition of photosynthesis after just 24-h exposure to the highest test concentration of pesticides, as well as in some treatments with lower concentrations (i.e., 10 times the environmental level), on exposure. Interestingly, the observed effects were reversible because biofilm photosynthesis recovered rapidly and completely in clean media in all but one treatment. In contrast to the functional response, no effects were observed on the algal assemblage structure, as assessed by diagnostic pigments. We conclude that the pesticide mixtures induce a rapid but reversible inhibition of photosynthesis, without short-term effects on biofilm structure. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;00:1-8. (c) 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
8.	Chaguaceda, Fernando, et al. (author) Zooplankton fatty acids across large environmental gradients in Sweden : Raw data for Chaguaceda et al (2024) Limnology & Oceanography 2024 Other publicationabstract Zooplankton fatty-fatty acid data from Swedish lakes along a temperature (summer temperatures 6.8–15.9°C), water color (< 0.005–0.51 Abs420), and eutrophication ( mean TP < 1.0–42.3 μg P L−1) gradient encompassing 2002–2010 and 2020–2021 periods (n=100, N=32 lakes). The dataset is divided into two sheets: one with the fatty acid data ("Zooplankton fatty acid data"), and another with the mean lake data ("Lake data"). A third sheet ("metadata") explains the metadata and the abbreviations used in the other two sheets.
9.	Chaguaceda, Fernando, et al. (author) Zooplankton in northern lakes show taxon-specific responses in fatty acids across climate-productivity and ecosystem size gradients 2024 In: Limnology and Oceanography. - 0024-3590 .- 1939-5590. ; 69, s. 947-960 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Northern lakes are facing rapid environmental alterations-including warming, browning, and/or changes in nutrient concentrations-driven by climate change. These environmental changes can have profound impacts on the synthesis and trophic transfer of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which are important biochemical molecules for consumer growth and reproduction. Zooplankton are a key trophic link between phytoplankton and fish, but their biochemical responses to environmental change are not well understood. In this study, we assess the trends in fatty acid (FA) composition of zooplankton taxa among 32 subarctic and temperate lakes across broad climate-productivity and ecosystem size gradients. We found that genus-level taxonomy explained most FA variability in zooplankton (54%), suggesting that environmental changes that alter the taxonomic composition also affect the FA composition of zooplankton communities. Furthermore, the FA responses and their underlying environmental drivers differed between cladocerans and copepods. Cladocerans, including widespread Bosmina spp. and Daphnia spp., showed pronounced responses across the climate-productivity gradient, with abrupt declines in PUFA, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid and arachidonic acid in warmer, browner, and more eutrophic lakes. Conversely, calanoid copepods had high and relatively stable PUFA levels across the gradient. In addition, all zooplankton taxa increased in stearidonic acid levels in larger lakes where PUFA-rich cryptophytes were more abundant. Overall, our results suggest that climate-driven environmental alterations pose heterogeneous impacts on PUFA levels among zooplankton taxa, and that the negative impacts of climate warming are stronger for cladocerans, especially so in small lakes.
10.	Fölster, Jens, et al. (author) Responses of benthic invertebrates to chemical recovery from acidification 2023 Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract The report provides an assessment of biological recovery from acidification in freshwater environments in Europe. The report consists of two parts, a regional data analysis based on an international dataset of biological and water chemical records, and a collection of national contributions on monitoring and assessment of biological recovery in different countries. The regional analysis showed that 47% of all included rivers (21 sites, for the period 1994-2018) and 35% percent of all lakes (34 sites, for the period 2000 to 2018) showed significant increases in species richness. Correlations between species diversity and water chemical components (ANC, pH, SO4) were found, supporting that the biological responses were related to chemical recovery. Additionally, the composition of functional traits in rivers underwent significant changes over time. Both parts of the report demonstrate ongoing biological recovery from acidification in European acid-sensitive freshwater environments.
11.	Goedkoop, Willem (author) Abruptly and irreversibly changing Arctic freshwaters urgently require standardized monitoring 2020 In: Journal of Applied Ecology. - : Wiley. - 0021-8901 .- 1365-2664. Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Arctic regions support a wide variety of freshwater ecosystems. These naturally oligotrophic and cold-water streams, rivers, ponds and lakes are currently being impacted by a diverse range of anthropogenic pressures, such as accelerated climate change, permafrost thaw, land-use change, eutrophication, brownification and the replacement of northern biota with the range expansion of more southern species.Multiple stressors are rapidly changing Arctic freshwater systems as aquatic habitats are becoming more suitable for species originating from more southerly regions and thereby threatening biota adapted to cold waters. The livelihoods of Indigenous Peoples of the north will be altered when ecosystem services associated with changes in biodiversity are affected. Unfortunately, monitoring of biodiversity change in Arctic freshwaters is currently inadequate, making it difficult, if not impossible, to predict changes in ecosystem services.Synthesis and applications. We propose a three-step approach to better address and facilitate monitoring of the rapid ecological changes that Arctic freshwater ecosystems are currently experiencing as a result of climate change. First, we should increase our efforts in the monitoring of freshwaters across all Arctic countries by setting up a network of monitoring sites and devoting more effort to a broad-scale baseline survey using standardized methods. Second, we should enhance modelling efforts to include both ecological change and socio-economic development. These models should help pinpoint species, ecosystems and geographical areas that are likely to show abrupt changes in response to any changes. Third, we should increase interaction among scientists, policymakers and different stakeholder groups. In particular, Indigenous Peoples must be involved in the leadership, planning and execution of monitoring and assessment activities of Arctic freshwaters. The proposed approach, which is critical to detecting the effects of climate change in the circumpolar region, has broader applications for global coordination of Arctic freshwater biomonitoring. Through routine monitoring, standardization of methods, enhanced modelling of integrated scientific and socio-economic change, and increased collaboration within and among sectors, more effective monitoring and management of climate change impacts on freshwater biodiversity will be possible in the Arctic and globally.
12.	Goedkoop, Willem (author) Arctic freshwater biodiversity: Establishing baselines, trends, and drivers of ecological change 2022 In: Freshwater Biology. - : Wiley. - 0046-5070 .- 1365-2427. ; 67, s. 1-13 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Climate change is predicted to have dramatic effects on Arctic freshwater ecosystems through changes to the abiotic template that are expected to influence biodiversity. Changes are already ongoing in Arctic systems, but there is a lack of coordinated monitoring of Arctic freshwaters that hinders our ability to assess changes in biodiversity. To address the need for coordinated monitoring on a circumpolar scale, the Arctic Council working group, Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna, established the Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Program, which is an adaptive monitoring program for the Arctic centred around four ecosystem themes (i.e., Freshwater, Terrestrial, Coastal, Marine). The freshwater theme developed a monitoring plan for Arctic freshwater biodiversity and recently completed the first assessment of status and trends in Arctic freshwater biodiversity. Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Program-Freshwater has compiled and analysed a database of Arctic freshwater monitoring data to form the first report of the state of circumpolar Arctic freshwater biodiversity. This special issue presents the scientific analyses that underlie the Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Program-Freshwater report and provides analyses of spatial and temporal diversity patterns and the multiple-stressor scenarios that act on the biological assemblages and biogeochemistry of Arctic lakes and rivers. This special issue includes regional patterns for selected groups of organisms in Arctic rivers and lakes of northern Europe, Russia, and North America. Circumpolar assessments for benthic diatoms, macrophytes, plankton, benthic macroinvertebrates, and fish demonstrate how climate change and associated environmental drivers affect freshwater biodiversity. Also included are papers on spatial and temporal trends in water chemistry across the circumpolar region, and a systematic review of documented Indigenous Knowledge that demonstrates its potential to support assessment and conservation of Arctic freshwaters. This special issue includes the first circumpolar assessment of trends in Arctic freshwater biodiversity and provides important baseline information for future assessments and studies. It represents the largest compilation and assessment of Arctic freshwater biodiversity data to date and strives to provide a holistic view of ongoing change in these ecosystems to support future monitoring efforts. By identifying gaps in monitoring data across the circumpolar region, as well as identifying best practices for monitoring and assessment, this special issue presents an important resource for researchers, policy makers, and Indigenous and local communities that can support future assessments of ecosystem change.
13.	Goedkoop, Willem, et al. (author) Development of a multi-scale monitoring programme: approaches for the Arctic and lessons learned from the Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Programme 2002-2022 2023 In: Frontiers in Conservation Science. - 2673-611X. ; 4 Research review (peer-reviewed)abstract The Arctic Council working group, the Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF) established the Circumpolar Biodiversity Monitoring Programme (CBMP), an international network of scientists, governments, Indigenous organizations, and conservation groups working to harmonize and integrate efforts to extend and develop monitoring and assessment of the Arctic’s biodiversity. Its relevance stretches beyond the Arctic to a broad range of regional and global initiatives and agreements. This paper describes the process and approach taken in the last two decades to develop and implement the CBMP. It documents challenges encountered, lessons learnt, and solutions, and considers how it has been a model for national, regional, and global monitoring programmes; explores how it has impacted Arctic biodiversity monitoring, assessment, and policy and concludes with observations on key issues and next steps. The following are overarching prerequisites identified in the implementation of the CBMP: effective coordination, sufficient and sustained funding, improved standards and protocols, co-production of knowledge and equitable involvement of IK approaches, data management to facilitating regional analysis and comparisons, communication and outreach to raising awareness and engagement in the programme, ensuring resources to engage in international fora to ensuring programme implementation.
14.	Goedkoop, Willem, et al. (author) Fishing motives and economic effects of climate change – An application on Arctic char in northern Sweden 2023 In: Journal of Bioeconomics. - 1387-6996 .- 1573-6989. ; 25, s. 203-223 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Motives for fishing differ among fishers, which may imply different effects of climate change on the net values of fishing. Climate change has impacts on fish population dynamics and on other factors in the fishers’ harvest decision, such as alternative sources of food or income. Here we present a bio-economic model that includes impacts of climate change on fish population and on net values of harvest by fishers with recreational or subsistence fishing motives. The conceptual analysis shows that the economic effects of climate change with simultaneous impacts on fish population growth and harvest values are inconclusive with common fishing access for both fisher types and when there are opposite simultaneous climate effects with exclusive access for one of the fisher types. Numerical results from our model of Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) in northern Sweden indicate that climate change, measured as temperature increases, reduces fish population growth but increases net values of fishing for both fisher types. The combined net effect of these counteracting forces is that annual net values can almost cease for the subsistence fisher in the future but increase considerably for the recreational fisher.
15.	Goedkoop, Willem (author) Improving the framework for assessment of ecological change in the Arctic: A circumpolar synthesis of freshwater biodiversity 2021 In: Freshwater Biology. - : Wiley. - 0046-5070 .- 1365-2427. ; 67, s. 210-223 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract 1. Climate warming and subsequent landscape transformations result in rapid ecological change in Arctic freshwaters. Here we provide a synthesis of the diversity of benthic diatoms, plankton, macrophytes, macroinvertebrates, and fish in Arctic freshwaters.2. We developed a multi-organism measure of alpha diversity to characterise circumpolar spatial patterns and their environmental correlates, and we assessed ecoregion-level beta diversity for all organism groups across the Arctic.3. Alpha diversity was lowest at high latitudes and elevations and where dispersal barriers exist. Diversity was positively related to temperature, and both temperature and connectivity limited diversity on high latitude islands. Beta diversity was highly variable among ecoregions for most organism groups, ranging from 0 (complete similarity) to 1 (complete dissimilarity). The high degree of dissimilarity within many ecoregions illustrates the uniqueness of many Arctic freshwater communities.4. Northward range expansion of freshwater taxa into Arctic regions may lead to increased competition for cold-stenothermic and cold-adapted species, and ultimately lead to the extinction of unique Arctic species. Societal responses to predicted impacts include: (1) actions to improve detection of changes (e.g., harmonised monitoring, remote sensing) and engagement with Arctic residents and Indigenous Peoples; and (2) actions to reduce the impact of unwanted changes (e.g., reductions of CO2 emissions, action against the spread of invasive species).5. Current Arctic freshwater monitoring shows large gaps in spatial coverage, while time series data are scarce. Arctic countries should develop an intensified, long-term monitoring programme with routine reporting. Such an approach will allow detection of long-term changes in water quality, biodiversity, and ecosystem services of Arctic freshwaters.
16.	Goedkoop, Willem, et al. (author) Inverting nutrient fluxes across the land-water interface - Exploring the potential of zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) farming 2021 In: Journal of Environmental Management. - : Elsevier. - 0301-4797 .- 1095-8630. ; 281, s. 1-7 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract We studied the potential of zebra mussel farming for nutrient retention in a eutrophic lake. Duplicate experimental long-line cultivation units were deployed and mussel growth and nutrient retention were quantified after 28 months. Mussels grew well at shallow water depth (<3 m) and our 625 m(2) (lake area) experimental units produced 507 and 730 kg dry biomass, respectively, of which 94% were shells. These yields corresponded to an average retention of 92.7 +/- 23.1 kg C, 6.1 +/- 0.68 kg N, and 0.43 +/- 0.04 kg P retention, or 742 kg C, 49 kg N, and 3.5 kg P for a full-size (0.5 ha) mussel farm. We estimate that concentrating the long-lines to a depth of 2.5 m would probably have doubled these yields, based on the differences in mussel growth among depths. We further estimate that a full-size cultivation unit (0.5 ha) thus could compensate for the annual total-P run-off from 23 ha, or the biologically available P from approximately 49 ha of agricultural soils. As traditional measures have proven insufficient, decision-makers need to facilitate novel approaches to mitigate the negative effects of cultural eutrophication. We envision that zebra mussel farming, within their invaded range, provides a promising approach to invert nutrient losses in lakes and coastal lagoons.
17.	Grosbois, Guillaume, et al. (author) Land and Freshwater Complex Interactions in Boreal Forests: A Neglected Topic in Forest Management 2023 In: Boreal Forests in the Face of Climate Change. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 9783031159886 - 9783031159879 - 9783031159909 ; 74, s. 719-745 Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract Aquatic and terrestrial habitats are interdependent components of the boreal forest landscape involving multiple dynamic interactions; these are manifested particularly in riparian areas, which are key components in the forest landscape. However, this interdependence between aquatic and terrestrial habitats is not adequately accounted for in the current management of forest ecosystems. Here we review the impacts of land disturbances on the optical and physicochemical properties of water bodies, aquatic food web health, and the ecological functioning of these freshwaters. We also describe how freshwaters influence the adjacent terrestrial ecosystems. A better understanding of these dynamic biotic and abiotic interactions between land and freshwater of the boreal forest is a first step toward including these freshwaters in the sustainable management of the boreal forest.
18.	Huser, Brian, et al. (author) Spatial and temporal variation in Arctic freshwater chemistry : Reflecting climate-induced landscape alterations and a changing template for biodiversity 2022 In: Freshwater Biology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0046-5070 .- 1365-2427. ; 67:1, s. 14-29 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract 1. Freshwater chemistry across the circumpolar region was characterised using a pan-Arctic data set from 1,032 lake and 482 river stations. Temporal trends were estimated for Early (1970-1985), Middle (1986-2000), and Late (2001-2015) periods. Spatial patterns were assessed using data collected since 2001.2. Alkalinity, pH, conductivity, sulfate, chloride, sodium, calcium, and magnesium (major ions) were generally higher in the northern-most Arctic regions than in the Near Arctic (southern-most) region. In particular, spatial patterns in pH, alkalinity, calcium, and magnesium appeared to reflect underlying geology, with more alkaline waters in the High Arctic and Sub Arctic, where sedimentary bedrock dominated.3. Carbon and nutrients displayed latitudinal trends, with lower levels of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total nitrogen, and (to a lesser extent) total phosphorus (TP) in the High and Low Arctic than at lower latitudes. Significantly higher nutrient levels were observed in systems impacted by permafrost thaw slumps.4. Bulk temporal trends indicated that TP was higher during the Late period in the High Arctic, whereas it was lower in the Near Arctic. In contrast, DOC and total nitrogen were both lower during the Late period in the High Arctic sites. Major ion concentrations were higher in the Near, Sub, and Low Arctic during the Late period, but the opposite bulk trend was found in the High Arctic.5. Significant pan-Arctic temporal trends were detected for all variables, with the most prevalent being negative TP trends in the Near and Sub Arctic, and positive trends in the High and Low Arctic (mean trends ranged from +0.57%/year in the High/Low Arctic to -2.2%/year in the Near Arctic), indicating widespread nutrient enrichment at higher latitudes and oligotrophication at lower latitudes.6. The divergent P trends across regions may be explained by changes in deposition and climate, causing decreased catchment transport of P in the south (e.g. increased soil binding and trapping in terrestrial vegetation) and increased P availability in the north (deepening of the active layer of the permafrost and soil/sediment sloughing). Other changes in concentrations of major ions and DOC were consistent with projected effects of ongoing climate change. Given the ongoing warming across the Arctic, these region-specific changes are likely to have even greater effects on Arctic water quality, biota, ecosystem function and services, and human well-being in the future.
19.	Lau, Danny C P, et al. (author) Fatty-acid based assessment of benthic food-web responses to multiple stressors in a large river system 2023 In: Environmental Pollution. - 0269-7491 .- 1873-6424. ; 337 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Rivers are often exposed to multiple stressors, such as nutrients and contaminants, whose impacts on the river food webs may not be distinguished by sole assessment of biological community structures. We examined the benthic algal assemblages and the fatty acids (FA) of benthic macroinvertebrates in the lower Athabasca River in Canada, aiming to assess the changes in algal support and nutritional quality of the benthic food web in response to cumulative exposure to natural bitumen, municipal sewage discharge (hereafter, "sewage"), and oil sands mining ("mining"). Data show that the decline in water quality (increases in nutrient concentrations and total suspended solids) was associated with decreases in benthic diatom abundance, and was driven mainly by sewageinduced nutrient enrichment. Responses in nutritional quality of benthic macroinvertebrates, indicated by their polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) concentrations, were taxon- and stressor-specific. Nutritional quality of the larval dragonfly predator, Ophiogomphus, decreased nonlinearly with decreasing benthic diatom abundance and was lowest at the sewage-affected sites, although exposure to natural bitumen also resulted in reduced Ophiogomphus PUFA concentrations. In contrast, the PUFA concentrations of mayfly grazers/collector-gatherers were not affected by natural bitumen exposure, and were higher at the sewage and sewage+mining sites. The PUFA concentrations of the shredder Pteronarcys larvae did not change with cumulative exposure to the stressors. Sediment metal and polycyclic aromatic compound concentrations were not associated with the macroinvertebrate FA changes. Overall, we provide evidence that sewage induced reduction in trophic support by PUFA-rich diatoms, and was the predominant driver of the observed changes in FA composition and nutritional quality of the benthic macroinvertebrates. Fatty-acid metrics are useful to untangle effects of concurrent stressors, but the assessment outcomes depend on the functional feeding guilds used. A food-web perspective using multiple trophic levels and feeding guilds supports a more holistic assessment of the stressor impacts.
20.	Lau, Danny C P, et al. (author) Macroinvertebrate traits in Arctic streams reveal latitudinal patterns in physiology and habits that are strongly linked to climate 2023 In: Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. - 2296-701X. ; 11 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Introduction: Arctic freshwater ecosystems are undergoing rapid environmental transformation because of climate change, which is predicted to produce fundamental alterations in river community structure and function.Methods: We explored how climate change affects benthic invertebrate communities of Arctic streams by examining patterns of their biological traits along latitudinal and climatic gradients in eastern North America (Canada) and northwestern Europe (Sweden, Norway).Results: Despite differences in taxonomic composition between continents, we identified similarities in the functional trait niche (FTN) of predominant macroinvertebrate taxonomic groups. Trait composition differed by latitude in eastern Canada, with a predominance of cold-tolerant taxa, tubular body shape, and cased and attached habits at the highest latitudes. Differences in trait composition were evident among ecoregions in Europe, with trait dominance at the highest latitudes that was comparable to North America. There was a similar increase in the relative abundance of cold tolerance and tubular body shape and a decrease in obligate shredders and trait richness with decreasing temperatures across both continents.Discussion: These patterns are indicative of FTNs that include physiological traits and habits that are advantageous for the low temperatures, short ice-free period, and low riparian vegetation cover at the highest latitudes. We predict that climate change will lead to an increase in functional diversity at high latitudes, as organisms with trait modalities that are currently only found at lower latitudes move northward. However, this change in trait composition will be mediated by the effect of spatial connectivity on dispersal ability, with slower change occurring on Arctic islands. These findings can support modelling of future change in Arctic freshwater assemblages in response to ongoing climate change.
21.	Lau, Danny C. P., et al. (author) Multitrophic biodiversity patterns and environmental descriptors of sub‐Arctic lakes in northern Europe 2022 In: Freshwater Biology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0046-5070 .- 1365-2427. ; 67:1, s. 30-48 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract 1. Arctic and sub‐Arctic lakes in northern Europe are increasingly threatened by climate change, which can affect their biodiversity directly by shifting thermal and hydrological regimes, and indirectly by altering landscape processes and catchment vegetation. Most previous studies of northern lake biodiversity responses to environmental changes have focused on only a single organismal group. Investigations at whole‐lake scales that integrate different habitats and trophic levels are currently rare, but highly necessary for future lake monitoring and management.2. We analysed spatial biodiversity patterns of 74 sub‐Arctic lakes in Norway, Sweden, Finland, and the Faroe Islands with monitoring data for at least three biological focal ecosystem components (FECs)—benthic diatoms, macrophytes, phytoplankton, littoral benthic macroinvertebrates, zooplankton, and fish—that covered both pelagic and benthic habitats and multiple trophic levels.3. We calculated the richnessrelative (i.e. taxon richness of a FEC in the lake divided by the total richness of that FEC in all 74 lakes) and the biodiversity metrics (i.e. taxon richness, inverse Simpson index (diversity), and taxon evenness) of individual FECs using presence–absence and abundance data, respectively. We then investigated whether the FEC richnessrelative and biodiversity metrics were correlated with lake abiotic and geospatial variables. We hypothesised that (1) individual FECs would be more diverse in a warmer and wetter climate (e.g. at lower latitudes and/or elevations), and in hydrobasins with greater forest cover that could enhance the supply of terrestrial organic matter and nutrients that stimulated lake productivity; and (2) patterns in FEC responses would be coupled among trophic levels.4. Results from redundancy analyses showed that the richnessrelative of phytoplankton, macrophytes, and fish decreased, but those of the intermediate trophic levels (i.e. macroinvertebrates and zooplankton) increased with decreasing latitude and/or elevation. Fish richnessrelative and diversity increased with increasing temporal variation in climate (temperature and/or precipitation), ambient nutrient concentrations (e.g. total nitrogen) in lakes, and woody vegetation (e.g. taiga forest) cover in hydrobasins, whereas taxon richness of macroinvertebrates and zooplankton decreased with increasing temporal variation in climate.5. The similar patterns detected for richnessrelative of fish, macrophytes, and phytoplankton could be caused by similar responses to the environmental descriptors, and/or the beneficial effects of macrophytes as habitat structure. By creating habitat, macrophytes may increase fish diversity and production, which in turn may promote higher densities and probably more diverse assemblages of phytoplankton through trophic cascades. Lakes with greater fish richnessrelative tended to have greater average richnessrelative among FECs, suggesting that fish are a potential indicator for overall lake biodiversity.6. Overall, the biodiversity patterns observed along the environmental gradients were trophic‐level specific, indicating that an integrated food‐web perspective may lead to a more holistic understanding of ecosystem biodiversity in future monitoring and management of high‐latitude lakes. In future, monitoring should also focus on collecting more abundance data for fish and lower trophic levels in both benthic and pelagic habitats. This may require more concentrated sampling effort on fewer lakes at smaller spatial scales, while continuing to sample lakes distributed along environmental gradients.
22.	Lento, Jennifer, et al. (author) Temperature and spatial connectivity drive patterns in freshwater macroinvertebrate diversity across the Arctic 2022 In: Freshwater Biology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0046-5070 .- 1365-2427. ; 67:1, s. 159-175 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Warming in the Arctic is predicted to change freshwater biodiversity through loss of unique taxa and northward range expansion of lower latitude taxa. Detecting such changes requires establishing circumpolar baselines for diversity, and understanding the primary drivers of diversity. We examined benthic macroinvertebrate diversity using a circumpolar dataset of >1,500 Arctic lake and river sites. Rarefied α diversity within catchments was assessed along latitude and temperature gradients. Community composition was assessed through region-scale analysis of β diversity and its components (nestedness and turnover), and analysis of biotic–abiotic relationships. Rarefied α diversity of lakes and rivers declined with increasing latitude, although more strongly across mainland regions than islands. Diversity was strongly related to air temperature, with the lowest diversity in the coldest catchments. Regional dissimilarity was highest when mainland regions were compared with islands, suggesting that connectivity limitations led to the strongest dissimilarity. High contributions of nestedness indicated that island regions contained a subset of the taxa found in mainland regions. High Arctic rivers and lakes were predominately occupied by Chironomidae and Oligochaeta, whereas Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera taxa were more abundant at lower latitudes. Community composition was strongly associated with temperature, although geology and precipitation were also important correlates. The strong association with temperature supports the prediction that warming will increase Arctic macroinvertebrate diversity, although low diversity on islands suggests that this increase will be limited by biogeographical constraints. Long-term harmonised monitoring across the circumpolar region is necessary to detect such changes to diversity and inform science-based management.
23.	Mckie, Brendan, et al. (author) Ecological effects of mosquito control with Bti: evidence for shifts in the trophic structure of soil- and ground-based food webs 2023 In: Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1015-1621 .- 1420-9055. ; 85 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract The microbial control agent Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) has been successfully used worldwide to reduce abundances of biting Nematocera (Diptera), often with little direct impact on non-target organisms observed. However, the potential for additional indirect effects on other ecosystem properties, including on trophic linkages within food webs, is poorly known. We investigated the effects of multiple-year mosquito control treatments using the Bti product VectoBac((R))-G on the stable isotope composition of epigeal and soil-based consumers inhabiting replicate floodplains along the River Dalalven, Sweden. We observed significant changes in the isotopic composition of detritivores feeding at the base of floodplain food webs. Enchytraeid worms were characterised by 3.5% higher delta C-13 values in treated floodplains, suggesting increased consumption of delta C-13-enriched food. The overall range of community-wide delta N-15 values was 56% greater in the treated floodplains, whilst delta N-15 values of oribatid mites were elevated by 97%. These results suggest extra fractionation in the transfer of nitrogen through floodplain food chains. We conjecture that the ecological mechanisms driving these food web shifts are (1) the mass mortality of high delta C-13 A. sticticus larvae, which leaves high concentrations of dead mosquito biomass deposited on soils at local scales, after the floodwaters have receded and (2) incorporation of the very high delta C-13-enriched corn particles comprising the bulk of the VectoBac((R))-G product into floodplain food webs. Our results suggest that repeated applications of Bti might have wider, still largely unknown implications for nutrient and energy cycles within floodplain ecosystems.
24.	Rydh Stenström, Jenny, et al. (author) Pesticide mixture toxicity to algae in agricultural streams – Field observations and laboratory studies with in situ samples and reconstituted water 2021 In: Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. - : Elsevier BV. - 0147-6513 .- 1090-2414. ; 215 Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract Long-term pesticide water concentrations were investigated in four agricultural streams and their mixture toxicity on algae was assessed, based on realistic (i.e. observed) concentrations in laboratory tests using (i) natural weekly water samples and (ii) reconstituted pesticide-spiked water samples representing mixtures with predicted high mixture. This approach both covered the full complexity of natural water samples and the controlled approach of reconstituted water samples. Long-term monitoring data (time-integrated, weekly samples) revealed more than 11 pesticides (range 11.0 ? 0.25?24.0 ? 0.44) in 75% or more of the almost 1600 samples collected between 2002 and 2018. ETUalgae exceeded 0.1 for 29 observations (or 1.8%). Despite the multitude of pesticides in a sample, ETUalgae was frequently set by one or a few dominating pesticides that contribute to more than 90% of the mixture?s toxicity. Algal growth inhibition tests with in situ stream water showed a high frequency of inhibition, despite the low ETU for most of these samples (range 0.000014?0.3858). These ?false positive? results were attributed to confounding effects of turbidity, the complexation of nutrients, and toxic effects of metals and/or other unknown contaminants. Algal inhibition tests with spiked reconstituted water showed significant inhibitory effects in the range of 1?10x the ETUalgae observed in worst-case field samples. Although these tests disregard the chemical complexity of natural water, they show that inhibitory effects of pesticides on algae may occur at the ETUalgae observed in monitoring. Furthermore, considering that the ETUalgae of stream water are based on weekly average concentrations and likely underestimate short-term peak concentrations of pesticides, these results strongly suggest that inhibitory effects on algae may occur in the agricultural streams of southern Sweden. We conjecture, however, that the rapid recovery of algae contributes to ameliorate these short-term effects and that pesticide contamination should be seen as one of many stressors in the streams that drain agricultural landscapes.

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