| 1. |
- Adare, A., et al.
(author)
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Direct photon production in d+Au collisions at root s(NN)=200 GeV
- 2013
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In: Physical Review C (Nuclear Physics). - 0556-2813. ; 87:5
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Direct photons have been measured in root s(NN) = 200 GeV d + Au collisions at midrapidity. A wide p(T) range is covered by measurements of nearly real virtual photons (1 < p(T) < 6 GeV/c) and real photons (5 < p(T) < 16 GeV/c). The invariant yield of the direct photons in d + Au collisions over the scaled p + p cross section is consistent with unity. Theoretical calculations assuming standard cold-nuclear-matter effects describe the data well for the entire p(T) range. This indicates that the large enhancement of direct photons observed in Au + Au collisions for 1.0 < p(T) < 2.5 GeV/c is attributable to a source other than the initial-state nuclear effects.
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| 2. |
- Adler, S. S., et al.
(author)
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Transverse-energy distributions at midrapidity in p plus p, d plus Au, and Au plus Au collisions at root s(NN)=62.4-200 GeV and implications for particle-production models
- 2014
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In: Physical Review C (Nuclear Physics). - 0556-2813. ; 89:4
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Measurements of the midrapidity transverse-energy distribution, dE(T)/d eta, are presented for p + p, d+Au, and Au+Au collisions atv root s(NN) = 200 GeV and additionally for Au+Au collisions atv root s(NN) = 62.4 and 130 GeV. The dE(T)/d eta distributions are first compared with the number of nucleon participants N-part, number of binary collisions N-coll, and number of constituent-quark participants N-qp calculated from a Glauber model based on the nuclear geometry. For Au+Au, < dE(T)/d eta >/N-part increases with N-part, while < dE(T)/d eta >/N-qp is approximately constant for all three energies. This indicates that the two-component ansatz, dE(T)/d eta alpha (1 - x)N-part/2 + xN(coll), which was used to represent E-T distributions, is simply a proxy for N-qp, and that the N-coll term does not represent a hard-scattering component in E-T distributions. The dE(T)/d eta distributions of Au+Au and d+Au are then calculated from the measured p + p E-T distribution using two models that both reproduce the Au+Au data. However, while the number-of-constituent-quark-participant model agrees well with the d+Au data, the additive-quark model does not.
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| 3. |
- Hansen, Joakim P., et al.
(author)
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Applying macrophyte community indicators to assess anthropogenic pressures on shallow soft bottoms
- 2014
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In: Hydrobiologia. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0018-8158 .- 1573-5117. ; 738:1, s. 171-189
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Vegetated soft bottoms are under pressure due to a number of anthropogenic stressors, such as coastal exploitation and eutrophication. The ecological value of these biotopes has gained recognition through international conventions and the EU directives, which request methods for assessment of the environmental status of coastal areas. However, currently there is no appropriate method for assessing the status of shallow vegetated soft bottoms in the northern Baltic Sea. Therefore, we developed a macrophyte community index and tested its response in relation to important pressures (eutrophication and boating activity) and natural gradients (topographic openness, depth and salinity) on shallow bays in the northern Baltic Sea. The macrophyte index, and hence the proportion of sensitive to tolerant species, decreased with increasing phosphorus concentration, turbidity and level of boating activity, while the cumulative cover of macrophytes only showed a negative trend in response to increasing turbidity. Juvenile fish abundance was positively related to the index, indicating importance of sensitive macrophyte species for ecosystem functioning. As the index was tested in a wide geographic area, and showed a uniform response across natural gradients, it is a promising tool for assessment of environmental status that may be applied also in other vegetated soft-bottom areas.
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| 4. |
- Hansen, Joakim P., 1978-
(author)
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Benthic vegetation in shallow inlets of the Baltic Sea : Analysis of human influences and proposal of a method for assessment of ecological status
- 2012
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Reports (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The European Union Water Framework Directive (WFD) has a general objective that all European waters should attain good ecological status by 2015. Shallow wave-protected inlets with soft-sediment bottoms are common environments along the Swedish and Finnish Baltic Sea coastlines. However, there is no suitable method for assessing the ecological status of this biotope. The current assessment methods based on macrovegetation for coastal waters in Sweden and Finland are mainly designed for hard-bottom biotopes and function poorly for shallow soft bottoms. The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of human activities on submerged macrovegetation in shallow inlets along the Swedish and Finnish Baltic Sea coasts, and to develop a method for assessment of environmental status for the inlets.The results of the study showed that the proportion of disturbance-sensitive species decreased with increasing total phosphorus concentration and boating activity. In addition, macrophyte cover was lower in inlets with high, as compared to low, boating pressure. Natural environmental factors were found to be very important for explaining variation in the macrophyte community. However, a large part of the variation was unexplained in the models tested, and should be examined further.Based on the results, an assessment method for classification of environmental status was developed. The method uses a macrophyte index based on a cover proportion of sensitive to tolerant species, as well as the mean cover of all species combined. The two macrophyte responses are expressed as ecological quality ratios relative to a reference condition. Specific threshold values were developed to classify the environmental status on a five-point scale, from high to good, moderate, poor, and bad status. The method suggested can be used as a complement to the existing methods that are applied to deeper areas. The method is applicable to individual inlets and may also be suitable to larger water areas according to divisions in the WFD. It does, however, need further development and independent testing before application.
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| 5. |
- Joakim P., Hansen, 1978-
(author)
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Effects of shore-level displacement on the ecology of Baltic Sea bays
- 2013
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- This report presents the up to date understanding of changes in ecological structure of small Baltic Sea bays following shore-level displacement and isolation of bays from the sea. It was producedas a part of the biosphere research programme, which has a strong emphasis on the characterization of properties and processes affecting the fate of potentially released radionuclides from the suggested repository of nuclear waste in the bedrock of the Forsmark area. The report has a focus on ecology and gives a description of input data, methodology and results on changes in flora and fauna communities, as well as some abiotic factors, with topographic isolation of bays from the sea. It is intended to describe the properties and conditions at the Forsmark site and to give information essential for demonstrating site specific understanding of processes and properties linked to a sea-to-lake succession. Long-term landscape development in the Forsmark area is dependent on two main and partly interdependent factors; shore-level displacement and climate variations. These two factors in combination strongly affect a number of processes, which in turn influence the development of ecosystems. Some examples of such processes are erosion and sedimentation, primary production and decomposition of organic matter. In this work focus has been to report changes in the structure and biomass of flora and fauna communities, which affect primary production, and influence the processes of decomposition of organic matter and sedimentation. A section of the study also deals with the biological processes of primary production, autotrophic carbon uptake and influence of allochtonous energy. The study is part of a description of the Forsmark ecosystem succession during a glacial cycle, which is one of the main objectives of the biosphere modelling at the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company (SKB). The biomass of macrofauna was found to decrease with increasing isolation of bays. The changes in the macrofauna community also reflected the animals ability to re-colonize an unstable habitat, where slow colonizers with passively dispersed larvae were almost absent from the most isolated bays. Fast colonizers – particularly the ones with flying adults (insects) – were however found inhigher proportions in isolated bays. Contrary to the macrofauna and flora, the zooplankton and juvenile fish increased in biomass with increasing bay isolation. This study describes a significant change in ecological properties of Baltic Sea bays with shore-level displacement. This change affects ecosystem processes which may be of importance for the fate of potentially released radionuclides to the biosphere.
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| 6. |
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