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- Hardell, Jens, et al.
(author)
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Effect of oxide layers and near surface transformations on friction and wear during tool steel and boron steel interaction at high temperatures
- 2015
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In: Wear. - : Elsevier BV. - 0043-1648 .- 1873-2577. ; 330-331, s. 223-229
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Recent years have seen a continuously growing interest in high temperature tribological research. A significant part of this is driven by the need for improved understanding and knowledge pertaining to friction and wear and their control in the context of hot forming of high strength steels. Friction and wear characteristics of a sliding system are highly dependent on the properties of the two interacting surfaces. At high temperatures, the surface and material properties become extremely important since these systems often operate under unlubricated conditions. High temperature tribological processes are highly complex as these involve changes in mechanical properties due to microstructural changes; thermal softening; surface chemical and morphological changes due to oxidation and diffusion; deterioration of the surface and bulk material as a result of adhesive/abrasive wear and thermal fatigue. Many of these changes occur on the surfaces and/or in the near surface region. The formation of surface oxide layers and near surface layers with a highly refined microstructure (nano-structured) has been reported to have a significant influence on the tribological behaviour. An improved understanding of these effects is a prerequisite in an attempt towards controlling friction and wear at high temperatures. The main aim of this work is to investigate the formation of oxide layers and near surface transformed layers during tool steel and boron steel interaction at elevated temperatures and their relation to the friction and wear response. The results from sliding wear tests showed that under favourable conditions of temperature and load, a reduction of wear by three orders of magnitude and reduced friction by 50% was obtained. This was attributed to the formation of a composite layer structure involving a refined workhardened layer and a protective oxide layer on top. In the case of three body abrasive wear of boron steel, a reduction in wear rate when temperature increased (100–200 °C) has also been found. This reduction in three-body wear is due to the formation of a workhardened layer with a mechanically mixed layer of wear debris and fragmented silica particles on top. At higher temperatures (>500 °C), the softer matrix due to recrystallisation and phase transformations was unable to maintain a lower wear rate despite the presence of embedded fragmented silica particles.
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| 2. |
- Hernandez, Sinuhe, et al.
(author)
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Influence of temperature on abrasive wear of boron steel and hot forming tool steels
- 2015
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In: Wear. - : Elsevier BV. - 0043-1648 .- 1873-2577. ; 338-339, s. 27-35
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In many industrial applications the occurrence of abrasive wear results in failure and replacement of components. Examples of these applications are found in mining, mineral handling, agriculture, forestry, process and metalworking industry. Some of these applications also involve operation of relatively moving surfaces at elevated temperatures which increases the severity of wear. A typical example of high temperature wear phenomena is that of tool steels during interaction with boron steel in hot forming. Some studies have been carried out regarding the high temperature tribological behaviour of these materials but results pertaining to their high temperature three body abrasive behaviour have not been published in the open literature. In this work, the high-temperature three body abrasive wear behaviour of boron steel and two different prehardened tool steels (Toolox33 and Toolox44) was investigated using a high temperature continuous abrasion machine (HT-CAT) at different temperatures ranging from 20 °C to 800 °C using a load of 45 N and a sliding speed of 1 ms-1. The wear results were correlated to the hot hardness of the different materials measured by means of a hot hardness tester (HHT) at a load of 10 kgf. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) techniques were used to characterise the worn surfaces. The hot hardness measurements of the three different materials showed a slight but continuous decrease of hardness from room temperature to 600 °C. At temperatures above 600 °C the hardness showed a sharp decrease. The wear rate of Toolox 44 was constant from 20 °C to 400 °C. On the other hand, Toolox33 and boron steel, showed a reduced wear rate from 20 °C to 400 °C attributed to an increased toughness and the formation of wear-protective tribolayers respectively. At higher temperatures (from 400 °C to 800 °C), the wear rate for these materials increased mainly due to a decrease in hardness and the occurrence of recrystallization processes.
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