| 1. |
- Zhang, X., et al.
(författare)
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Human total, basal and activity energy expenditures are independent of ambient environmental temperature
- 2022
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Ingår i: iScience. - : Elsevier Inc.. - 2589-0042. ; 25:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lower ambient temperature (Ta) requires greater energy expenditure to sustain body temperature. However, effects of Ta on human energetics may be buffered by environmental modification and behavioral compensation. We used the IAEA DLW database for adults in the USA (n = 3213) to determine the effect of Ta (−10 to +30°C) on TEE, basal (BEE) and activity energy expenditure (AEE) and physical activity level (PAL). There were no significant relationships (p > 0.05) between maximum, minimum and average Ta and TEE, BEE, AEE and PAL. After adjustment for fat-free mass, fat mass and age, statistically significant (p < 0.01) relationships between TEE, BEE and Ta emerged in females but the effect sizes were not biologically meaningful. Temperatures inside buildings are regulated at 18–25°C independent of latitude. Hence, adults in the US modify their environments to keep TEE constant across a wide range of external ambient temperatures.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Woods, P. J., et al.
(författare)
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A review of adaptation options in fisheries management to support resilience and transition under socio-ecological change
- 2022
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Ingår i: ICES Journal of Marine Science. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1054-3139 .- 1095-9289. ; 79:2, s. 463-479
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Social-ecological systems dependent on fisheries must be resilient or adapt to remain viable in the face of change. Here, we identified possible interventions (termed “adaptation options”) from published literature, aimed at supporting social or ecological resilience and/or aiding adaptation to changes induced by environmental or social stressors. Our searches centered on nations/regions across North America, Europe, and the South Pacific, encompassing fisheries literature with and without a climate change focus, to compare how, when, and by whom interventions are currently or potentially implemented. We expected that adaptation options within a climate change context would have a greater focus on enhancing social resilience due to a connection with climate change adaptation assessment methodology. Instead, we found a greater focus on ecological resilience, likely indicating a focus on management adaptation. This pattern, along with the more extensive use of social adaptation options responsively and outside the context of climate change, along with an importance in bottom-up influences in implementing them, suggests a general lack of centralized planning and organization with regards to adaptation of stakeholders. Determining how adaptation options are created, chosen, and implemented is a crucial step within or external to ecosystem-based management, especially if planned stakeholder adaption is the goal.
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| 5. |
- Dornelles, Andre Z., et al.
(författare)
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Towards a bridging concept for undesirable resilience in social-ecological systems
- 2020
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Ingår i: Global Sustainability. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 2059-4798. ; 3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Non-technical summary Resilience is a cross-disciplinary concept that is relevant for understanding the sustainability of the social and environmental conditions in which we live. Most research normatively focuses on building or strengthening resilience, despite growing recognition of the importance of breaking the resilience of, and thus transforming, unsustainable social-ecological systems. Undesirable resilience (cf. lock-ins, social-ecological traps), however, is not only less explored in the academic literature, but its understanding is also more fragmented across different disciplines. This disparity can inhibit collaboration among researchers exploring interdependent challenges in sustainability sciences. In this article, we propose that the term lock-in may contribute to a common understanding of undesirable resilience across scientific fields. Technical summary Resilience is an extendable concept that bridges the social and life sciences. Studies increasingly interpret resilience normatively as a desirable property of social-ecological systems, despite growing awareness of resilient properties leading to social and ecological degradation, vulnerability or barriers that hinder sustainability transformations (i.e., 'undesirable' resilience). This is the first study to qualify, quantify and compare the conceptualization of 'desirable' and 'undesirable' resilience across academic disciplines. Our literature analysis found that various synonyms are used to denote undesirable resilience (e.g., path dependency, social-ecological traps, institutional inertia). Compared to resilience as a desirable property, research on undesirable resilience is substantially less frequent and scattered across distinct scientific fields. Amongst synonyms for undesirable resilience, the term lock-in is more frequently and evenly used across academic disciplines. We propose that lock-in therefore has the potential to reconcile diverse interpretations of the mechanisms that constrain system transformation - explicitly and coherently addressing characteristics of reversibility and plausibility - and thus enabling integrative understanding of social-ecological system dynamics. Social media summary 'Lock-in' as a bridging concept for interdisciplinary understanding of barriers to desirable sustainability transitions.
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| 6. |
- Dornelles, André Zuanazzi, et al.
(författare)
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Transformation archetypes in global food systems
- 2022
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Ingår i: Sustainability Science. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1862-4065 .- 1862-4057. ; 17:5, s. 1827-1840
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Food systems are primary drivers of human and environmental health, but the understanding of their diverse and dynamic co-transformation remains limited. We use a data-driven approach to disentangle different development pathways of national food systems (i.e. ‘transformation archetypes’) based on historical, intertwined trends of food system structure (agricultural inputs and outputs and food trade), and social and environmental outcomes (malnutrition, biosphere integrity, and greenhouse gases emissions) for 161 countries, from 1995 to 2015. We found that whilst agricultural total factor productivity has consistently increased globally, a closer analysis suggests a typology of three transformation archetypes across countries: rapidly expansionist, expansionist, and consolidative. Expansionist and rapidly expansionist archetypes increased in agricultural area, synthetic fertilizer use, and gross agricultural output, which was accompanied by malnutrition, environmental pressures, and lasting socioeconomic disadvantages. The lowest rates of change in key structure metrics were found in the consolidative archetype. Across all transformation archetypes, agricultural greenhouse gases emissions, synthetic fertilizer use, and ecological footprint of consumption increased faster than the expansion of agricultural area, and obesity levels increased more rapidly than undernourishment decreased. The persistence of these unsustainable trajectories occurred independently of improvements in productivity. Our results underscore the importance of quantifying the multiple human and environmental dimensions of food systems transformations and can serve as a starting point to identify potential leverage points for sustainability transformations. More attention is thus warranted to alternative development pathways able of delivering equitable benefits to both productivity and to human and environmental health.
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| 7. |
- Andersson, Erik, et al.
(författare)
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Ambio fit for the 2020s
- 2022
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Ingår i: Ambio. - : Springer Nature. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 51:5, s. 1091-1093
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Svensson, Anneli, et al.
(författare)
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Natural Course of Electrocardiographic Features in Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy and Their Relation to Ventricular Arrhythmic Events.
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of the American Heart Association (JAHA). - 2047-9980. ; 13:16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Electrocardiographic abnormalities are common in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy and are included in the 2010 Task Force Criteria. Their time course, however, remains uncertain. In this retrospective observational study, we aimed to assess the long-term evolution of electrocardiographic characteristics and their relation to ventricular arrhythmias.Three hundred fifty-three patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy as per the 2010 Task Force Criteria with 6871 automatically processed 12-lead digital ECGs were included. The relationship between the electrocardiographic parameters and the risk of ventricular arrhythmias was assessed at 10years from the first ECG. Electrocardiographic parameters were compared between the first contact ECG, the ECG at diagnosis, and the most recent ECG. Median time between the first and the latest ECG was 6 [interquartile range, 1-14] years. Reductions of QRS voltage, R- and T-wave amplitudes between the first, diagnostic, and the latest ECGs were observed across precordial and extremity leads. Mean QRS duration increased from 96 to 102ms (P<0.001), terminal activation duration (V1) from 47 to 52ms (P<0.001), and QTc from 419 to 432 ms (P<0.001). T-wave inversions in leads V3 to V6 and aVF at first ECG were associated with ventricular arrhythmias (adjusted hazard ratio [HRadj][V3], 2.03 [95% CI, 1.23-3.34] and HRadj[aVF], 1.87 [95% CI, 1.13-3.08]).Depolarization and repolarization parameters evolved over time in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, supporting the progressive nature of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Electrocardiographic abnormalities may be detected before diagnosis and might, although not fulfilling the 2010 Task Force Criteria, be markers of early disease. T-wave inversion in leads V3 or aVF before diagnosis was associated with ventricular arrhythmias during follow-up.
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| 10. |
- van Putten, E. I., et al.
(författare)
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History matters : societal acceptance of deep-sea mining and incipient conflicts in Papua New Guinea
- 2023
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Ingår i: Maritime Studies. - : Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. - 1872-7859 .- 2212-9790. ; 22:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- New marine industries that develop and grow in response to the changing demand for their products have the potential to exert pressure on fragile marine environments. These emerging industries can benefit local communities but equally can have negative environmental and socio-cultural impacts. The development of new and emerging industries, like deep seabed mining (DSM), requires the acceptance and involvement of local communities. Yet, the history of marine exploitation is imbued with conflicts between industries and local communities. This paper presents a DSM case study in Papua New Guinea (PNG) to stimulate debate around the potential for conflict in the pursuit of resource extraction from the deep sea and the social and environmental harm that these extractions can cause. We do so by first presenting a timeline of local and extra-local events and enabling conditions that form the development background for the DSM Solwara 1 project in PNG. We then undertake a media narrative analysis to consider the contribution of aspects of social acceptability to this highly complex and multi-scale conflict. We find that the lack of (or a decrease in) social acceptability contributed to the conflict situation and ultimately the demise of the Solwara 1 project. Extra-locally, the initial development was positively framed around solutions for decarbonisation using new technology. Over time, actions by international NGOs, financial issues related to foreign companies, and asymmetry in the power balance between the Pacific Island nation and global businesses played a role in growing negative perceptions of acceptability. Historical experiences with prior environmental mining disasters, together with sea tenure governance challenges, and a lack of community and stakeholder acceptance also contributed to the demise of the project. Untangling and debating these complex interactions provides context and reasons for the tension between the lack of societal acceptance at a local scale and the perceived need for DSM products in the global North for innovative technologies and decarbonising societies. Better understanding these interactions and tensions can help emerging industries navigate a future blue economy.
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| 11. |
- Björkvik, Emma, et al.
(författare)
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Going on and off the map : Lessons from Swedish fisher knowledge about spawning areas in the Baltic Sea
- 2021
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Ingår i: Ocean and Coastal Management. - : Elsevier. - 0964-5691 .- 1873-524X. ; 211
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Scholars frequently promote fishers' rich understanding of marine environments as a legitimate and unique form of knowledge that must be accounted for in fisheries management. It is, however, challenging to combine fisher knowledge (FK) with the conventional scientific knowledge that fisheries management relies upon. In this paper we investigate the (in)commensurability between FK and scientific objectives and procedures. Towards this aim we performed interviews with a group of fishers who participated in an earlier Swedish study in which FK was used to map locations of fish spawning areas along the Swedish Baltic coast. By interviewing these fishers again we were able to identify and assess aspects of FK that were left implicit in the earlier study. Based on our results we discuss the value of these aspects of FK for understanding marine environments.
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| 12. |
- Björkvik, Emma, 1987-
(författare)
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Stewardship in Swedish Baltic small-scale fisheries : A study on the social-ecological dynamics of local resource use
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sustainability scholars frequently advocate for stewardship as a strategy to foster sustainable development. Stewardship broadly refers to the wise and responsible use of nature, and is considered necessary to ensure the long-term wellbeing of humans and that of life in general. In the academic literature local resource users, like hunters, farmers or fishers, are widely acknowledged to act as stewards of the natural environments their livelihoods depend upon. Research shows that this group of people often are able to use natural resources in a sustainable manner, and that their knowledge of how to do so can improve natural resource management. However, research also emphasizes how different local resource users have different potential to steward natural environments. There is thus a need to better understand what stewardship among local resource users entails more concretely as well as when and how it fosters environmental sustainability. In this thesis, I study stewardship in the case of Swedish Baltic small-scale fisheries. I conceptualize stewardship as an interaction between fishers and the social-ecological context in which they are embedded. This conceptualization implies that stewardship does not exist or emerge from within fishers themselves, but is created, formed and realized through fishing practices. I further define and analyze stewardship using a framework composed of three dimensions: care, agency and knowledge. My findings are contained in four papers. Paper I presents a theoretical model of how local resource users respond to social and ecological change, and shows the model’s empirical relevance. Paper II gives an overview of the diversity and development within present-day Swedish Baltic small-scale fisheries. Paper III investigates the historical development of a Swedish fishery that targets the critically endangered European eel (Anguilla anguilla). Paper IV focuses on fishers’ knowledge and assesses how this knowledge can be applied in fisheries science and management. The papers collectively demonstrate the contextual nature of stewardship and showcase how stewardship varies over time as well as between fishers. The findings illustrate the ambiguous link between stewardship and environmental sustainability, they support the notion that fishers’ knowledge can improve fisheries management, while also suggesting that future research needs to pay more attention to how stewardship is empirically manifested. Overall, the thesis advances the understanding of stewardship by highlighting the social-ecological dynamics of local resource use.
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| 13. |
- Björkvik, Emma, 1987-, et al.
(författare)
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Swedish small-scale fisheries in the Baltic Sea : Decline, diversity and development
- 2020
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Ingår i: Small-Scale Fisheries in Europe. - Cham : Springer. - 9783030373702 - 9783030373719 ; , s. 559-579
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Can Swedish small-scale fisheries escape decline and live up to their attributed potential to make fisheries more sustainable? Here we address this question by highlighting diversity within these fisheries. Through a specific focus on the Baltic Sea, we demonstrate that small-scale fisheries, defined by scale of operation, are neither sustainable nor unsustainable and have different social and ecological impacts. Based on our analysis we discuss general opportunities and challenges for future development of Swedish small-scale fisheries. Opportunities exist in connection to the creation of niche-products and branding fish as a local and/or exclusive commodity, while major challenges are linked to complexity and extensiveness of regulations, lack of recruitment of new fishers, and ecological sustainability of fishing practices. We argue that attention to diversity in Swedish small-scale fisheries has to be the starting point for meeting future challenges and fulfilling their attributed potential as a sustainable primary production sector.
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| 14. |
- Björkvik, Emma, 1987-, et al.
(författare)
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Why fishers end up in social-ecological traps : a case study of Swedish eel fisheries in the Baltic Sea
- 2020
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Ingår i: Ecology and Society. - 1708-3087. ; 25:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Unsustainable fishing can be surprisingly persistent despite devastating social, economic, and ecological consequences. Sustainability science literature suggests that the persistence of unsustainable fisheries can be understood as a social-ecological trap. Few studies have explicitly acknowledged the role of historical legacies for the development of social-ecological traps. Here, we investigate why fishers sometimes end up in social-ecological traps through a reconstruction of the historical interplay between fishers’ motivations, capacities, and opportunities to fish. We focus on the case of a Swedish fishery targeting the critically endangered European eel (Anguilla Anguilla) in the Baltic Sea. We performed the case study using a unique quantitative data set of social and ecological variables that spans over eight decades, in combination with earlier literature and interviews with fishers and fisheries experts. Our analysis reveals that Swedish archipelago fishers are highly dependent on the eel to maintain their fishing livelihood. The dependence on the eel originates from the 1930s, when fishers chose to intensify fishing for this species to ensure future incomes. The dependence persisted over time because of a series of changes, including improved eel fishing technology, heightened competition over catch, reduced opportunities to target other species, implementation of an eel fishing license, and the fishers’ capacity and motivation to deal with dwindling catches. Our study confirms that social-ecological traps are path-dependent processes. In terms of management, this finding means that it becomes progressively more difficult to escape the social-ecological trap with the passage of time. The longer entrapment endures, the more effort it takes and the bigger change it requires to return to a situation where fishers have more options so that unsustainable practices can be avoided. We conclude that fisheries policies need to be based on the premise that unsustainable fishing emerges through multiple rather than single causes.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Boonstra, Wiebren J., Dr. 1976-
(författare)
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More than a single footnote : Connecting Alexis de Tocqueville and Norbert Elias
- 2021
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Ingår i: Human Figurations. - 2166-6644. ; 9:1, s. 1-24
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The view of Norbert Elias as a maverick sociologist who developed his ideas in isolation from other academic thinkers and schools has been debunked since the 1970s. A number of studies have linked Elias’s work to scholars such as Marx, Weber, Freud, Huizinga, and Mannheim, amongst others. In this paper, I contribute to these efforts by exploring affinities between Elias and Alexis de Tocqueville. Elias made only passing reference to Tocqueville in his published work, and Tocqueville has, until now, also been absent in the growing literature that situates Elias within the sociological canon. This is surprising, considering that affinities between the works of the two sociologists can be discerned beyond the single footnote that Elias reserved for Tocqueville. To discover and discuss these affinities, I compare Tocqueville’s observations on how ‘mores become milder as conditions become equal’ and Elias’s argument on ‘functional democratisation’, as well as their explanation and interpretation of the French Revolution. The comparison reveals that, in addition to a thematic affinity, Tocqueville and Elias also share a style of theorising and methodology that neither of them makes very explicit but that is distinct from more well-known traditions of sociological research.
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| 17. |
- Boonstra, Wiebren J., Dr. 1976-, et al.
(författare)
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Urban fishing reveals underrepresented diversity
- 2022
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Ingår i: Nature Food. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2662-1355. ; 3
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 18. |
- Boonstra, Wiebren J., et al.
(författare)
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Urban nature does not stop at the waterfront, neither should urban planning: A case study of street fishing in Stockholm
- 2023
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Ingår i: Climate-Proof Planning. - Stockholm : KTH Royal Institute of Technology. - 9789180406543
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- While research on green urban spaces has established their important values and functions, less attention has been given to blue urban spaces and its importance for wellbeing of urban residents. With the project “Blue Urban Commons” (2020-2023) we wish to gain more knowledge about these blue spaces through a case study of Stockholm, Sweden. The aim with this project is to understand how urban dwellers use and depend on city waters for recreation, food, and general well-being, with a specific focus on recreational fishing. This paper consists of four parts highlighting research strands, preliminary findings and reflections concerning what issues are important for planning blue urban spaces. The first part provides an understanding of the various conditions that enables Stockholm to be an attractive city for fishing. In the second part, we present some preliminary findings regarding the diversity of fishers in Stockholm, using an ideal typical distinction between fishing for fun and fishing for food. The fact that many people fish for food in Stockholm raises several questions, such as e.g. on water pollution and their potential health consequences for fishers and the fish, which we present in the third part. We conclude with some reflections on the various goals of planning urban waterfronts and the trade-offs that it includes between food safety and security, equal access, and human and non-human wellbeing.
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| 19. |
- Carlson, Andrew K., et al.
(författare)
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More than ponds amid skyscrapers : Urban fisheries as multiscalar human-natural systems
- 2022
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Ingår i: Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management. - : Michigan State University Press. - 1463-4988 .- 1539-4077. ; 25:1, s. 49-58
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although social-ecological fisheries research is growing, comparatively little attention is paid to fisheries in urban environments. We aim to address this imbalance, because as cities expand worldwide, we expect urban fisheries to become more widespread and important in providing food/nutrition security, recreation, community well-being, and other benefits to fisheries stakeholders and urban dwellers across spatiotemporal scales. This paper contains a first analysis of the economic and sociocultural provisions, trade-offs, and dilemmas associated with urban fisheries to yield insights for sustainable management and planning of urban blue space. To address these objectives, we use the metacoupling framework, a method for assessing human-nature interactions within and across adjacent and distant fisheries systems. We use examples from multiple countries and data from the United States to illustrate how urban fisheries encompass flows of people, money, and information across multiple spatiotemporal scales and provide nutritional, recreational, social, and cultural benefits to fisheries stakeholders. Throughout the world, urban fisheries are influenced by wide-ranging human needs (e.g. food provisioning, recreation, aquatic resource education) that generate social-ecological effects within and beyond cities. Our analysis yields insights for developing holistic, metacoupling-informed management approaches that address the diverse social-ecological objectives and trade-offs involved in sustainable development of urban fisheries.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Garavito-Bermudez, Diana, et al.
(författare)
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Knowing through fishing : exploring the connection between fishers' ecological knowledge and fishing styles
- 2023
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Ingår i: Journal of Environmental Planning and Management. - : Routledge. - 0964-0568 .- 1360-0559. ; 66:9, s. 1841-1860
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- That fishers' ecological knowledge (FEK) can contribute to the sustainability and legitimacy of environmental planning and management is widely accepted. Nevertheless, despite this broad consensus about its importance, there is uncertainty about the ways in which FEK can be captured methodologically. Here, we present the results of a methodological inquiry aimed to connect FEK to the diversity of work practices within fisheries. Using a sample from a qualitative study of Swedish small-scale fishers, we test to what extent a new combination of concept and method - Fishing Style analysis and the Structure-Dynamic-Function framework - can produce insights into the partiality and diversity of FEK, as well as its embodied and tacit aspects. Results demonstrate how different work practices generate a variety of FEKs. We use this finding to discuss the implications of our work for future study of FEK, and how attention to FEK can inform environmental planning and management.
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| 23. |
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| 24. |
- Haider, L. Jamila, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of development interventions on biocultural diversity : a case study from the Pamir Mountains
- 2020
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Ingår i: Agriculture and Human Values. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0889-048X .- 1572-8366. ; 37:3, s. 683-697
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The relationship between nature and culture in biocultural landscapes runs deep, where everyday practices and rituals have coevolved with the environment over millennia. Such tightly intertwined social-ecological systems are, however, often in the world's poorest regions and commonly subject to development interventions which effect biocultural diversity. This paper investigates the social and ecological implications of an introduced wheat seed in the Pamir Mountains. We examine contrasting responses to the intervention through participatory observation of food practices around a New Year ritual, and interviews in two communities. Our results show how one community fostered biocultural diversity, while the other did not, resulting in divergent processes of social and cultural change. In the former, ritual is practiced with traditional seed varieties, involving reciprocal exchange and is characterised by little outmigration of youth. In contrast, the second community celebrates the ritual with replaced store-bought ingredients, no longer cultivates any grain crops and where circular migration to Russia is the main livelihood strategy. Coevolution as an analytical lens enables us to understand these divergent pathways as processes of dynamically changing social-ecological relations. The paper suggests that a deeper understanding of social-ecological relationships in landscapes offers a dynamic and process-oriented understanding of development interventions and can help identify endogenous responses to local, regional and global change-thereby empowering more appropriate and effective development pathways.
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| 25. |
- Hinton, Jennifer B., 1982-
(författare)
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Relationship-to-Profit : A Theory of Business, Markets, and Profit for Social Ecological Economics
- 2021
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- How does the relationship between business and profit affect social and ecological sustainability? Many sustainability scholars have identified competition for profit in the market as a key driver of social exploitation and environmental destruction. Yet, studies rarely question whether businesses and markets have to be profit-seeking. The widespread existence of not-for-profit forms of business, which approach profit as a means to achieving social benefit, suggests that there are other ways of organizing business and markets that might be more sustainable.In this thesis, I use a critical institutional economics lens and systems thinking to synthesize existing theory and knowledge about how business, markets, and profit affect sustainability outcomes, in order to explain how alternative approaches to these institutions might produce different outcomes. The result is a new theory about how relationship-to-profit (the legal difference between for-profit and not-for-profit forms of business) plays a key role in the sustainability of an economy, due to the ways in which it guides and constrains actors’ behavior, and drives larger market dynamics.In Paper 1, I develop a conceptual framework for understanding the tradeoffs and synergies between profit and social-ecological sustainability. I show how profit-seeking strategies can be examined to assess whether they derive profit from: efficiency gains; willing and informed contributions from social stakeholders; or exploitation of social or ecological stakeholders. These bounded sources of profit imply limits to profit. Therefore, in order for businesses and markets to be sustainable, they should treat profit as a means rather than an end in itself. In Paper 2, I explain that whether profit is treated as a means or an end manifests through both voluntary objectives (i.e., if a business explicitly pursues profit as a goal) and financial rights (i.e., the right or obligation to distribute profit to private owners). Some forms of business encourage profit-as-an-end more than others. In Paper 3, I outline ideal types of for-profit and not-for-profit economies, and describe the expected dynamics of these systems based on the regulative aspects of relationship-to-profit. The legal purpose, ownership (i.e., private financial rights), and corresponding investment structures of for-profit forms of business all encourage firms to treat profit as an end. The pursuit of unlimited financial gain and the private distribution of the surplus by for-profit businesses tend to drive the growth of consumerism, environmental degradation, inequality, market concentration, and political capture. In a not-for-profit type of economy, businesses do not have a financial gain purpose or private financial rights. Profit in such a system is used as a means to achieve social benefit. This results in higher levels of equality and opens up the space for more effective sustainability interventions.Yet, relationship-to-profit is only one dimension of business that is important for sustainability. In Paper 4, I develop a framework to structure analyses and wider discussions of post-growth business around five key dimensions of business: (1) relationship-to-profit, (2) incorporation structure, (3) governance, (4) strategy, and (5) size and geographical scope. The theory developed in this thesis offers an explanation of how key institutional elements of business and markets drive social and ecological sustainability outcomes.
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| 26. |
- Joosse, Sofie, et al.
(författare)
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Fishing in the city for food : a paradigmatic case of sustainability in urban blue space
- 2021
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Ingår i: npj Urban Sustainability. - : Springer Nature. - 2661-8001. ; 1:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article presents fishing in the city for food (FCF) as a trenchant example of urban ecology, and the ways in which urbandwellers use, interact with, and depend on urban blue spaces. Our literature review demonstrates how FCF is studied in a diversebody of scientific publications that rarely draw on each other. As such, FCF and its relevance for sustainable and just planning ofurban blue space remain relatively unknown. Using the literature review, a survey of FCF in European capitals, and examples fromFCF in Stockholm, we demonstrate how attention to FCF raises pertinent and interrelated questions about access to water, foodand recreation; human health; animal welfare and aquatic urban biodiversity.
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| 27. |
- Joosse, Sofie, et al.
(författare)
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Why are geographical indications unevenly distributed over Europe?
- 2021
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Ingår i: British Food Journal. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 0007-070X .- 1758-4108. ; 123:13, s. 490-510
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose Through geographical indications, the European Union aims to stimulate economies, especially in lagging rural regions, and to help consumers recognise and locate quality products from specific regions. The highly uneven distribution of geographical indications, and with that the unequal benefits of this policy, have been identified and discussed in the scientific literature on food and rural development. Design/methodology/approach Using a statistical analysis of the distribution of geographical indications, the paper tests the validity of several theoretical explanations that are offered in the literature for the uneven spatial distribution. Findings From this assessment, the paper concludes, amongst others, that common single-cause explanations for the uneven distribution of labels in Europe have weak explanatory value. Rather, the uneven distribution is based on a complex set of causes, with different effects at national and regional level. Moreover, the findings highlight that in contrast to its aim, the policy does not seem to benefit especially lagging rural regions. Originality/value The analysis of the uneven distribution of labels in Europe offered here suggests that a distinction should be drawn between the mechanisms resulting in regional food products versus the mechanisms resulting in regional food labels, such as geographical indications.
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| 28. |
- Koh, Niak Sian, 1991-
(författare)
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Safeguarding nature and people : Integrating economics, politics, and human rights to transform biodiversity policies and governance
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- None of the world’s biodiversity goals from the last decade were fully met, as biodiversity losses are occurring at an unprecedented rate. Policies are not always effective; their use may have adverse effects on people and nature. Biodiversity offsets are an example of a policy that can be used to protect and restore biodiversity loss from economic development. Yet, offsets have been criticized for poor ecological outcomes, commodifying nature, and creating social inequality. To address this challenge, we need to learn from the shortcomings of biodiversity policies and governance as new goals are being drafted under the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework.This thesis examines how biodiversity policies can be designed and implemented for effective and equitable outcomes for people and biodiversity. I focus on the design (Paper I) and implementation (Paper II) by examining economic instruments in conservation. I then broaden to the governance landscape by analysing the implementation of policies in national (Paper III) and international regulatory contexts (Paper IV).The 4 papers cover a diversity of cases across the globe at different governance levels. Paper I conducted a policy analysis of offsets from six countries (Australia, England, Germany, Madagascar, South Africa, and the US), through an economic framing of biodiversity trading and institutional arrangements. Paper II reviewed market instruments for conservation, ecotourism and sport hunting in eastern and southern Africa, to analyse whether these instruments can be compatible with new ideas for conservation such as conviviality. Paper III investigated the politics around Mekong hydropower development, through multi-stakeholder interviews and a discourse analysis of the social and environmental impacts of a dam in Laos. Paper IV examined the implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and how review mechanisms of human rights law can improve compliance.This thesis highlights that a human rights-based approach provides important conceptual and political support for biodiversity governance. It contributes to the science-policy interface with these insights. First, the institutional design and implementation are as important for the outcomes as the type of policy. In economic policies such as offsets, a high involvement of the market does not influence the level of commensurability, but increases the degree of commodification. Second, the contextual factors (politics and power relations) of policies should be acknowledged to address inequality. An institutional design and implementation that ensures meaningful participation and a balance of power is crucial for effective and equitable outcomes. Review mechanisms used in human rights help to navigate power inequities, by ensuring that all rights-holders have a substantial voice.Third, offsets can be designed with different institutional arrangements (state, market, voluntary). If a market approach is chosen with biodiversity trading, effective monitoring and regulation is needed to safeguard biodiversity. Lastly, to foster compliance with policies, management and enforcement approaches can be used in a complementary manner through positive incentives, sunshine methods, and negative incentives. Overall, this thesis provides insights of how to meet our global goals for protecting and restoring biodiversity, while safeguarding people and nature.
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| 29. |
- Mellegård, Viveca, et al.
(författare)
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Craftsmanship as a Carrier of Indigenous and Local Ecological Knowledge : Photographic Insights from Sami Duodji and Archipelago Fishing
- 2020
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Ingår i: Society & Natural Resources. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0894-1920 .- 1521-0723. ; 33:10, s. 1252-1272
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Indigenous and Local Ecological Knowledge (ILEK) has been recognized for its potential and contribution to sustainable use of natural resources. It has proven difficult, however, to investigate and observe its tacit and embodied character. The objective of this article is to explore ways in which we can theoretically and methodologically understand ILEK. It does so by theorizing ILEK as craftsmanship using literature on practice theory, and analyzing the tacit and embodied nature of craftsmanship of a Sami craftswoman and an archipelago fisherman through the use of visual methods. Results of this study are used to analyze and discuss how craftsmanship reproduces ILEK and its potential to contribute to environmental sustainability.
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
- Stiepani, Johann
(författare)
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Changing Coastlines of the Indo-Pacific : Local livelihoods and use of ecosystem resources from a social-ecological systems perspective
- 2024
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This thesis analyzes the impacts of global environmental change upon the interactions and connections between coastal ecosystems and small-scale fishers. The analysis builds on social and ecological data, obtained in four locations including: Unguja Ukuu, Zanzibar (Paper I); Malalison island, the Philippines (Paper II); Batan, the Philippines (Paper III); and Penang, Malaysia (Paper IV). Each of these locations is currently impacted by processes of global environmental change that challenge the sustainability of local livelihoods based on natural capital. These processes of global environmental change include environmental degradation (Papers I-III), and mangrove degradation due to land use change (Papers III-IV). Papers I-II focus on gleaning as a specific example of a coastal livelihood and found that gleaners over time struggle with local declines of the species they target. In Paper II gleaning was found to be important as a supplemental livelihood activity when local people were unable to perform regular SSF livelihood activities due to disturbances caused by e.g. typhoons. Environmental degradation was also present within the multi gear SSF at Batan (Paper III) within the mangrove estuary. Within the context of both Papers III-IV land use change fragmented the coastal ecosystems which likely impacted the biodiversity and structure of a mangrove forests. In conclusion, this thesis highlights an array of stressors that threaten these social-ecological system of small-scale fishing villages, in particular their coastal ecosystems found at their fringe. This work confirms the importance for local coastal management to understand different components of a SES to strengthen local livelihood security. Future work and management of these coastlines and livelihoods that are based on their environments need both ecological and social data to enable sound management. Alternative livelihoods could be one strategy to reduce dependency of livelihoods on SSF.
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| 32. |
- Wijermans, Nanda, et al.
(författare)
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Behavioural diversity in fishing : Towards a next generation of fishery models
- 2020
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Ingår i: Fish and Fisheries. - : Wiley. - 1467-2960 .- 1467-2979. ; 21:5, s. 872-890
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite improved knowledge and stricter regulations, numerous fish stocks remain overharvested. Previous research has shown that fisheries management may fail when the models and assessments used to inform management are based on unrealistic assumptions regarding fishers' decision-making and responses to policies. Improving the understanding of fisher behaviour requires addressing its diversity and complexity through the integration of social science knowledge into modelling. In our paper, we review and synthesize state-of-the-art research on both social science's understanding of fisher behaviour and the representation of fisher decision-making in scientific models. We then develop and experiment with an agent-based social-ecological fisheries model that formalizes three different fishing styles. Thereby we reflect on the implications of our incorporation of behavioural diversity and contrast it with the predominant assumption in fishery models: fishing practices being driven by rational profit maximizing. We envision a next generation of fisheries models and management that account for social scientific knowledge on individual and collective human behaviours. Through our agent-based model, we demonstrate how such an integration is possible and propose a scientific approach for reducing uncertainty based on human behavioural diversity in fisheries. This study serves to lay the foundations for a next generation of social-ecological fishery models that account for human behavioural diversity and social and ecological complexity that are relevant for a realistic assessment and management of fishery sustainability problems.
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