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- Fagerås Böttcher, Malin, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
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Cytokines in breast milk from allergic and nonallergic mothers
- 1999
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Ingår i: International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. - : S. Karger AG. - 1018-2438 .- 1423-0097. ; 118:2-4, s. 319-320
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sorry, there is no abstract. Read the first few lines of the text instead!The allergy–preventing effect of breast–feeding is controversial [1, 2]. This may be due to individual variations of the composition of human milk. Allergy is associated with a bias to production of cytokines involved in IgE synthesis, e.g. IL–4 and IL–13 [3] and the eosinophil chemotactic [4] and survival [5] factor IL–5. In contrast, IFN–=γ, which inhibits IgE synthesis [6], is downregulated [7]. Cytokines involved in IgA production, IL–6, IL–10 and TGF–β [8, 9] have also been proposed to be involved in IgE synthesis [10, 11, 12].
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- Jenmalm, Maria C., 1971-
(författare)
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Development of IgG subclass antibodies to allergens in early childhood
- 1999
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: Immune responses to allergens in young children include both Thl and Th2 like immunity, which may regulate the secretion of IgG subclass antibodies differently. The time, route and level of exposure to an allergen, as well as maternally transferred immunity, may be decisive whether sensitisation or tolerance will ensue. To study this, we established sensitive methods and investigated the development of IgG subclass antibodies to food and inhalant allergens during childhood.Material and Methods: The study group comprised a cohort of 96 children participating in a prospective study. IgG subclass antibodies to ß-lactoglobulin, ovalbumin, Bet v 1 and cat dander were analysed at birth, 6 and 18 months and 8 years by ELISA. At 8 years of age, PBMC from 55 of the children were stimulated with birch and ß-lactoglobulin. Production of IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13 and IFN-y was analysed by ELISA and expression of IL-4 and IL-9 mRNA by semiquantitative RTPCR.Results: High cord blood levels of IgG antibodies to inhalant, but not to food, allergens were associated with less development of atopy in the children during the first eight years of life. IgG subclass antibody responses to allergens were commonly detected during childhood and were largely restricted to the IgG1 subclass. The production of this opsonising and complement activating subclass was associated with Thllike immunity at 8 years of age. IgG subclass antibodies to food allergens peaked in infancy, whereas antibodies to the inhalant perennial allergen cat, but not the inhalant seasonal allergen birch, increased with age. Exposure to cow's milk during the first three months of life was associated with high IgG subclass antibodies to ß-lactoglobulin up to eight years. Exposure to cat and birch tended to be associated with high antibody levels to those allergens, whereas antibody levels to ovalbumin were not related to the introduction of egg in the diet. Atopic symptoms and the presence of positive skin prick tests and circulating IgE antibodies to allergens were associated with high levels of IgG subclass, especially Th2 associated IgG4, antibody responses to allergens. For the food allergens, the differences were mostly marked early in life. Birch induced IL-4 expression may be the major factor determining IgE antibody formation to that allergen, while allergen induced IL-5, IL-6 and IL-10 secretion in PBMC was associated with atopic symptoms.Conclusions: Maternally derived antibodies may modulate immune responses. The tolerance-inducing mechanisms in the intestinal mucosa may be less effective during the first months of life. Responses to food and inhalant allergens show different kinetics. Thl like associated IgG1 antibodies to allergens are commonly observed in both atopic and non-atopic children, whereas Th2 like associated IgG4 responses are more atopy dependent.
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| 5. |
- Jenmalm, Maria, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Exposure to cow's milk during the first 3 months of life is associated with increased levels of IgG subclass antibodies to beta-lactoglobulin to 8 years
- 1998
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Ingår i: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. - : Elsevier. - 0091-6749 .- 1097-6825. ; 102, s. 671-678
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Exposure to allergens early in life influences the development of allergen-specific immune responses. In animal models, the development of tolerance to proteins delivered to the gastrointestinal and the respiratory mucosa is influenced by age and genetic background. Late introduction of cow's milk in infants is associated with slower increase and lower peak IgG antibody responses to milk during early childhood, but the long-term effects have not been investigated, nor is the relation to atopic disease later in life clear. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the development of IgG subclass antibodies to beta-lactoglobulin in relation to early exposure to cow's milk, atopic heredity, and the development of atopic disease. METHODS: IgG subclass antibodies to beta-lactoglobulin were analyzed by ELISA at birth, at 6 and 18 months, and at 8 years in 96 children followed prospectively. RESULTS: The levels of IgG subclass antibodies to beta-lactoglobulin peaked in early childhood and then declined up to 8 years of age. Exposure to cow's milk during the first 3 months of life was associated with high IgG subclass antibody levels to beta-lactoglobulin up to 8 years, particularly in children with maternal atopy. Children with atopic symptoms and sensitivity to allergens often had high levels of IgG4 antibodies to beta-lactoglobulin at 8 years of age, even if they were not exposed to cow's milk during the first 3 months of life. Furthermore, atopic dermatitis was associated with high levels of IgG subclass antibodies to beta-lactoglobulin in early childhood. CONCLUSIONS: IgG subclass antibody levels to milk peak during early infancy, with particularly high levels in children with atopic dermatitis, and decline thereafter. Exposure to cow's milk during early infancy has long-lasting effects on the humoral antigen-specific responses, indicating less effective tolerance-inducing mechanisms in the intestinal mucosa during the first months of life.
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