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| 2. |
- Sodergren, Erica, et al.
(författare)
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The genome of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus.
- 2006
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 1095-9203 .- 0036-8075. ; 314:5801, s. 941-52
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report the sequence and analysis of the 814-megabase genome of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, a model for developmental and systems biology. The sequencing strategy combined whole-genome shotgun and bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) sequences. This use of BAC clones, aided by a pooling strategy, overcame difficulties associated with high heterozygosity of the genome. The genome encodes about 23,300 genes, including many previously thought to be vertebrate innovations or known only outside the deuterostomes. This echinoderm genome provides an evolutionary outgroup for the chordates and yields insights into the evolution of deuterostomes.
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| 8. |
- Assey, Vincent D., et al.
(författare)
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Iodine deficiency persists in the Zanzibar Islands of Tanzania
- 2006
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Ingår i: Food and Nutrition Bulletin. - : SAGE Publications. - 0379-5721 .- 1564-8265. ; 27:4, s. 292-299
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background. Iodine is an essential micronutrient for normal human growth and development. It is estimated that more than 1.6 billion people live in iodine-deficient environments, yet there are still some countries and areas where the prevalence of iodine-deficiency disorders is unknown. Objective. To establish the prevalence of iodine-deficiency disorders in the Zanzibar Islands, a community assumed to have ready access to iodine-rich seafoods. Methods. In a cross-sectional study, 11, 967 schoolchildren were Palpated for goiter prevalence, a subsample was evaluated for urinary iodine concentration, and the availability of iodated salt was assessed at the household and retail levels. Results. The mean total goiter prevalence was 21.3% for Unguja and 32.0% for Pemba. The overall median urinary iodine concentration was 127.5 ug/L. For Unguja the median was 185.7 mu g/L, a higher value than the median of 53.4 mu g/L for Pemba (p <.01). The household availability of iodated salt was 63.5% in Unguja and 1.0% in Pemba. The community was not aware of the iodine-deficiency problem and had never heard of iodated salt. Conclusions. The inadequate intake of iodine documented in the Zanzibar Islands belies the common assumption that an island population with access to seafood is not at risk for iodine-deficiency disorders. We urge health planners to implement mandatory salt iodation and education efforts to alleviate the situation.
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| 13. |
- Gruvberger, Sofia, et al.
(författare)
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Estrogen receptor beta expression is associated with tamoxifen response in ER alpha-negative breast carcinoma
- 2007
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Ingår i: Clinical Cancer Research. - 1078-0432. ; 13:7, s. 1987-1994
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PURPOSE: Endocrine therapies, such as tamoxifen, are commonly given to most patients with estrogen receptor (ERalpha)-positive breast carcinoma but are not indicated for persons with ERalpha-negative cancer. The factors responsible for response to tamoxifen in 5% to 10% of patients with ERalpha-negative tumors are not clear. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the biology and prognostic role of the second ER, ERbeta, in patients treated with adjuvant tamoxifen.EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We investigated ERbeta by immunohistochemistry in 353 stage II primary breast tumors from patients treated with 2 years adjuvant tamoxifen, and generated gene expression profiles for a representative subset of 88 tumors.RESULTS: ERbeta was associated with increased survival (distant disease-free survival, P = 0.01; overall survival, P = 0.22), and in particular within ERalpha-negative patients (P = 0.003; P = 0.04), but not in the ERalpha-positive subgroup (P = 0.49; P = 0.88). Lack of ERbeta conferred early relapse (hazard ratio, 14; 95% confidence interval, 1.8-106; P = 0.01) within the ERalpha-negative subgroup even after adjustment for other markers. ERalpha was an independent marker only within the ERbeta-negative tumors (hazard ratio, 0.44; 95% confidence interval, 0.21-0.89; P = 0.02). An ERbeta gene expression profile was identified and was markedly different from the ERalpha signature.CONCLUSION: Expression of ERbeta is an independent marker for favorable prognosis after adjuvant tamoxifen treatment in ERalpha-negative breast cancer patients and involves a gene expression program distinct from ERalpha. These results may be highly clinically significant, because in the United States alone, approximately 10,000 women are diagnosed annually with ERalpha-negative/ERbeta-positive breast carcinoma and may benefit from adjuvant tamoxifen.
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| 14. |
- Hildenwall, H, et al.
(författare)
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Care-seeking in the development of severe community acquired pneumonia in Ugandan children
- 2009
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Ingår i: Annals of Tropical Paediatrics. - 0272-4936 .- 1465-3281. ; 29:4, s. 281-289
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Improved case management of paediatric pneumonia is recognised as a key strategy for pneumonia control. Since symptoms of pneumonia and malaria often overlap, there are concerns that children with pneumonia are treated with antimalarial drugs. There is a need to describe how children with severe pneumonia have been managed prior to their arrival at hospital, including possible risks of developing more severe disease. Methods: A case-series study of 140 children, aged 2-59 months, with severe radiologically verified pneumonia at Mulago Hospital, Kampala was undertaken. Caretakers were interviewed about initial symptoms, treatment given and care sought. Using WHO definitions, children were clinically classified as having severe or very severe pneumonia. Results: The children had been ill for a median of 7 days before arrival at hospital, 90/140 (64%) had received treatment at home, and 72/140 (51%) had seen another health-care provider prior to presentation at hospital. Altogether, 32/140 (23%) children had reportedly received antibiotics only prior to admission, 18/140 (13%) had received anti-malarials only and 35/140 (25%) had received both. Being classified as very severe pneumonia was more common among children who had received anti-malarials only ( OR 5.5, 1.8-16.4). Conclusions: Although the majority of caretakers were able to recognise the key symptoms of pneumonia, they did not respond with any immediate care-giving action. Since progression from first recognition of pneumonia symptoms to severe disease is rapid, management guidelines regarding timing of care-seeking need to be clearly defined. The reason why children who sought health facility care failed to improve should be investigated. Meanwhile, there is a need to increase caretakers' and health workers' awareness of the urgency to act promptly when key pneumonia symptoms are observed.
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| 18. |
- Lalani, Tahaniyat, et al.
(författare)
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Propionibacterium endocarditis: a case series from the International Collaboration on Endocarditis Merged Database and Prospective Cohort Study.
- 2007
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Ingår i: Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0036-5548 .- 1651-1980. ; 39:10, s. 840-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Propionibacterium species are occasionally associated with serious systemic infections such as infective endocarditis. In this study, we examined the clinical features, complications and outcome of 15 patients with Propionibacterium endocarditis using the International Collaboration on Endocarditis Merged Database (ICE-MD) and Prospective Cohort Study (ICE-PCS), and compared the results to 28 cases previously reported in the literature. In the ICE database, 11 of 15 patients were male with a mean age of 52 y. Prosthetic valve endocarditis occurred in 13 of 15 cases and 3 patients had a history of congenital heart disease. Clinical findings included valvular vegetations (9 patients), cardiac abscesses (3 patients), congestive heart failure (2 patients), and central nervous system emboli (2 patients). Most patients were treated with beta-lactam antibiotics alone or in combination for 4 to 6 weeks. 10 of the 15 patients underwent valve replacement surgery and 2 patients died. Similar findings were noted on review of the literature. The results of this paper suggest that risk factors for Propionibacterium endocarditis include male gender, presence of prosthetic valves and congenital heart disease. The clinical course is characterized by complications such as valvular dehiscence, cardiac abscesses and congestive heart failure. Treatment may require a combination of medical and surgical therapy.
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- Nantanda, R, et al.
(författare)
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Bacterial aetiology and outcome in children with severe pneumonia in Uganda
- 2008
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Ingår i: Annals of Tropical Paediatrics. - 0272-4936 .- 1465-3281. ; 28:4, s. 253-260
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Pneumonia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the 'under-5s' and in Uganda accounts for 10-30% of childhood deaths. Antibiotic resistance is increasing. Objective: To describe the bacterial aetiology, antimicrobial sensitivity and outcome of severe pneumonia among children aged 2-59 months admitted to the Acute Care Unit, Mulago Hospital, Uganda. Methods: A total of 157 children aged 2-59 months with symptoms of severe pneumonia according to WHO guidelines were recruited over a 4-month period in 2005/2006. Blood and induced sputum were obtained for culture, and chest radiographs were undertaken. Children were clinically classified as having severe or very severe pneumonia and were followed up for a maximum of 7 days. Results: Bacteraemia was detected in 15.9% of patients with Staphylococcus aureus (36%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (28%) were the organisms most commonly isolated. Bacteria were isolated from sputum in half of the children, the commonest organisms being Streptococcus pneumoniae (45.9%), Haemophilus influenzae (23.5%) and Klebsiella species (22.4%). Staphylococcus aureus had only 33.3% sensitivity to chloramphenicol and H. influenzae isolates were completely resistant. S. pneumoniae was sensitive to chloramphenicol in 87.4% of cases. The case fatality rate was 15.5%. Independent predictors of death were very severe pneumonia (OR 12.9, CI 2.5-65.8), hypoxaemia (SaO(2) <92%, OR 4.9, CI 1.2-19.5) and severe malnutrition (OR 16.5, CI 4.2-65.5). Conclusion: S. aureus, S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae are common bacterial causes of severe pneumonia. Chloramphenicol, the current first-line antibiotic for treating severe pneumonia in Ugandan children, is useful in pneumonia caused by S. pneumoniae but other common bacteria show resistance. The presence of severe malnutrition, hypoxaemia and very severe pneumonia increase the risk of death and should be considered in case management protocols.
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| 22. |
- Nevéus, Tryggve, et al.
(författare)
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Diuretic treatment of nocturnal enuresis
- 2005
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Ingår i: Scand J Urol Nephrol. - 0036-5599. ; 39:6, s. 474-8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: Nocturnal polyuria is considered a major pathogenetic factor in nocturnal enuresis, and the antidiuretic drug desmopressin, given at bed-time, is consequently recognized as a first-line treatment alternative. The aim of this open, non-randomized study was to see whether diuretic medication, given in the afternoon, could give similar therapeutic benefit. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty-three children suffering from primary, monosymptomatic, nocturnal enuresis were included in the study by their primary care paediatrician. After 14 days without any treatment and 14 days for which 0.4 mg of desmopressin was given orally at bed-time, the children were given furosemide 1 mg/kg in the afternoon for 14 consecutive days. The numbers of wet and dry nights were recorded. RESULTS: The numbers of wet nights at baseline, during desmopressin treatment and during furosemide treatment were 10.2+/-3.5, 6.4+/-4.6 and 8.2+/-4.5, respectively. Both drugs were significantly better than no treatment, but only a small proportion of patients became completely dry: 24% on desmopressin and 12% on furosemide. Desmopressin was significantly better than furosemide. Three children who showed no therapeutic effect on desmopressin treatment had a favourable response to furosemide. CONCLUSION: Furosemide, given in the afternoon, has minor therapeutic potential in nocturnal enuresis.
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| 25. |
- Peterson, Christer G. B., et al.
(författare)
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Fecal levels of leukocyte markers reflect disease activity in patients with ulcerative colitis
- 2007
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0036-5513 .- 1502-7686. ; 67:8, s. 810-820
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE:A prominent feature of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is the presence of inflammatory cells in the gut mucosa, and which contribute to the ongoing inflammatory process. The aim of the study was to evaluate fecal neutrophil, eosinophil, mast cell and macrophage markers in the assessment of disease activity in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC).METHODS:Twenty-eight patients with active UC; 4 with proctitis, 16 with left-side colitis and 8 with total colitis, were included in the study. Patient history, endoscopy and histopathology were examined and fecal and serum samples were evaluated at inclusion and after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. Fecal samples were analysed for myeloperoxidase (MPO), eosinophil protein X (EPX), mast cell tryptase, IL-1beta and TNF-alpha using immunoassays. Blood samples were analysed for MPO, EPX, C-reactive protein, orosomucoid and leucocyte counts.RESULTS:Fecal MPO and IL-1beta levels were elevated in all patients at inclusion despite different disease extensions. Striking reductions in fecal levels of MPO, EPX, tryptase and IL-1beta were observed after 4 weeks of treatment in 20/28 patients with complete remission after 8 weeks. No further reductions were seen in 20/27 patients at 8 weeks. Endoscopic score correlated to IL-1beta at all visits (p<0.01), to MPO at visits 2 and 3 (p<0.05, p<0.001), EPX at visit 2 (p<0.05) and tryptase at visit 3 (p<0.01). Levels of fecal markers also related to histological indices of the disease.CONCLUSIONS:Measurements of fecal MPO, EPX and IL-1beta could be objective complements to endoscopical and histopathological evaluations in the daily care of patients with UC.
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| 26. |
- Rutledge, Elizabeth A., et al.
(författare)
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Sequence Variation and Expression of the Gimap Gene Family in the BB Rat
- 2009
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Ingår i: Experimental Diabetes Research. - : Hindawi Limited. - 1687-5214 .- 1687-5303.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Positional cloning of lymphopenia (lyp) in the BB rat revealed a frameshift mutation in Gimap5, a member of at least seven related GTPase Immune Associated Protein genes located on rat chromosome 4q24. Our aim was to clone and sequence the cDNA of the BB diabetes prone (DP) and diabetes resistant (DR) alleles of all seven Gimap genes in the congenic DR.lyp rat line with 2 Mb of BB DP DNA introgressed onto the DR genetic background. All (100%) DR.(lyp/lyp) rats are lymphopenic and develop type 1 diabetes (T1D) by 84 days of age while DR.(+/+) rats remain T1D and lyp resistant. Among the seven Gimap genes, the Gimap5 frameshift mutation, a mutant allele that produces no protein, had the greatest impact on lymphopenia in the DR.(lyp/lyp) rat. Gimap4 and Gimap1 each had one amino acid substitution of unlikely significance for lymphopenia. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed a reduction in expression of all seven Gimap genes in DR.lyp/lyp spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes when compared to DR.+/+. Only four; Gimap1, Gimap4, Gimap5, and Gimap9 were reduced in thymus. Our data substantiates the Gimap5 frameshift mutation as the primary defect with only limited contributions to lymphopenia from the remaining Gimap genes. Copyright (C) 2009 Elizabeth A. Rutledge et al.
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| 27. |
- Schell, CO, et al.
(författare)
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Socioeconomic determinants of infant mortality: a worldwide study of 152 low-, middle-, and high-income countries
- 2007
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Ingår i: Scandinavian journal of public health. - : SAGE Publications. - 1403-4948 .- 1651-1905. ; 35:3, s. 288-297
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: To reach the Millennium Development Goals for health, influential international bodies advocate for more resources to be directed to the health sector, in particular medical treatment. Yet, health has many determinants beyond the health sector that are less evident than proximate predictors. Aim: To assess the relative importance of major socioeconomic determinants of population health, measured as infant mortality rate (IMR), at country level. Methods: National-level data from 152 countries based on World Development Indicators 2003 were used for multivariate linear regression analyses of five socioeconomic predictors of IMR: public spending on health, GNI/capita, poverty rate, income equality (Gini index), and young female illiteracy rate. Analyses were performed on a global level and stratified for low-, middle-, and high-income countries. Results: In order of importance, GNI/capita, young female illiteracy, and income equality predicted 92% of the variation in national IMR whereas public spending on health and poverty rate were non-significant determinants when adjusted for confounding. In low-income countries, female illiteracy was more important than GNI/capita. Income equality (Gini index) was an independent predictor of IMR in middle-income countries only. In high-income countries none of these predictors was significant. Conclusions: The relative importance of major health determinants varies between income levels, thus extrapolating health policies from high- to low-income countries is problematic. Since the size, per se, of public health spending does not independently predict health outcomes, functioning health systems are necessary to make health investments efficient. Potential health gains from improved female education and economic growth should be considered in low- and middle-income countries
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| 29. |
- Vasara, Anna I, et al.
(författare)
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Immature porcine knee cartilage lesions show good healing with or without autologous chondrocyte transplantation.
- 2006
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Ingår i: Osteoarthritis and cartilage / OARS, Osteoarthritis Research Society. - : Elsevier BV. - 1063-4584 .- 1522-9653. ; 14:10, s. 1066-74
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to find out how deep chondral lesions heal in growing animals spontaneously and after autologous chondrocyte transplantation. METHODS: A 6mm deep chondral lesion was created in the knee joints of 57 immature pigs and repaired with autologous chondrocyte transplantation covered with periosteum or muscle fascia, with periosteum only, or left untreated. After 3 and 12 months, the repair tissue was evaluated with International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) macroscopic grading, modified O'Driscoll histological scoring, and staining for collagen type II and hyaluronan, and with toluidine blue and safranin-O staining for glycosaminoglycans. The repair tissue structure was also examined with quantitative polarized light microscopy and indentation analysis of the cartilage stiffness. RESULTS: The ICRS grading indicated nearly normal repair tissue in 65% (10/17) after the autologous chondrocyte transplantation and 86% (7/8) after no repair at 3 months. At 1 year, the repair tissue was nearly normal in all cases in the spontaneous repair group and in 38% (3/8) in the chondrocyte transplantation group. In most cases, the cartilage repair tissue stained intensely for glycosaminoglycans and collagen type II indicating repair tissue with true constituents of articular cartilage. There was a statistical difference in the total histological scores at 3 months (P=0.028) with the best repair in the spontaneous repair group. A marked subchondral bone reaction, staining with toluidine blue and collagen type II, was seen in 65% of all animals. CONCLUSIONS: The spontaneous repair ability of full thickness cartilage defects of immature pigs is significant and periosteum or autologous chondrocytes do not bring any additional benefits to the repair.
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| 30. |
- Vikingsson, Svante, et al.
(författare)
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Monitoring of thiopurine metabolites in patients with inflammatory bowel disease-what is actually measured?
- 2009
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Ingår i: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. - 0163-4356 .- 1536-3694. ; 31:3, s. 345-50
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine are often used in the treatment of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). They are prodrugs and undergo a complex metabolism to active and inactive metabolites. Thiopurine treatment is monitored in many laboratories by measuring metabolite concentrations in erythrocytes (red blood cells). The metabolites of interest are not measured directly but as hydrolysis products, which can be produced from several metabolites. The aim of this study was to examine which metabolites are actually measured during routine monitoring. Samples from 18 patients treated with a thiopurine were analyzed by a typical routine high-performance liquid chromatography method for therapeutic drug monitoring and by a newly developed specific method measuring thioguanosine monophosphate (TGMP), thioguanosine diphosphate (TGDP), and thioguanosine triphosphate (TGTP), as well as methylthioinosine monophosphate (meTIMP), and the results were compared. 6-Thioguanine nucleotide (TGN) values detected by the routine method were 69% (range 40%-90%) of the sum of TGMP, TGDP, and TGTP measured by the specific method. TGTP and TGDP contributed 85% (range 78%-90%) and 14% (range 10%-21%) of the TGN total, respectively. Thioguanosine was not found in any patient sample. The concentration of meTIMP obtained by the routine method was 548% of the value obtained by the specific method (range 340%-718%). The difference in TGN measurements between the routine and specific methods can be explained by low hydrolysis efficiency in the routine method, although the most likely explanation for the difference in meTIMP values is that not yet identified metabolites are codetermined in the routine high-performance liquid chromatography method. Concentrations reported as TGN during therapeutic drug monitoring of thiopurine metabolites consist of TGDP and TGTP with a minor contribution of the TGMP. Concentrations reported as meTIMP or methyl mercaptopurine consist in part of meTIMP, but other not yet identified metabolites are codetermined.
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| 31. |
- Walther, Bruno, et al.
(författare)
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Esofagus
- 2005
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Ingår i: Kirurgi. - 9789144043555 ; , s. 225-225
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 35. |
- Yasin, Zafar, et al.
(författare)
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Pion-induced fission - A review
- 2009
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Ingår i: Radiation Measurements. - : Elsevier BV. - 1350-4487 .- 1879-0925. ; 44:9-10, s. 846-852
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Real or virtual pions are important ingredients of nuclear reactions at intermediate energies, and their couplings to major nuclear de-excitation modes can determine the final reaction products starting from several beam species. One of these modes is the important fission decay channel for heavy nuclei, induced with real pion beams over a wide range of energies and nuclei, largely using SSNTD. The data have been compared with the predictions of several standard INC reaction models. This review of the data and calculations will provide a status report for this class of reactions. Comparison to fission induced by protons and photons is included to set a context for that induced by real pion beams. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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