| 1. |
- Andrews, Johanna Y., et al.
(author)
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Umbilical cord-cutting practices and place of delivery in Bangladesh
- 2011
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In: International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. - Clare, Ireland : Elsevier. - 0020-7292 .- 1879-3479. ; 114:1, s. 43-6
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: To investigate place of delivery, umbilical cord-cutting instruments used, and substances applied to the cord stump in Bangladesh.Methods: A cross-sectional data analysis was performed on a nationally representative sample of 4925 women of reproductive age (15-49 years) with at least 1 child.Results: More than 80% of women delivered at home. In 6% of cases, blades from a clean-delivery kit (CDK) were used to cut the cord; in 90% of cases, the blades used were from another source; in 4% of cases, other instruments such as bamboo strips and scissors were used to cut the cord. In 51% of cases, a substance (e.g. antibiotic powder/ointment, alcohol/spirit, mustard oil with garlic, boric powder, turmeric, and chewed rice) was applied to the stump after the cord was cut.Conclusion: The present findings underscore the need for further advocacy, availability, and use of cord-cutting instruments from CDKs, especially for deliveries that occur outside healthcare facilities.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Andric, Jelena, 1979, et al.
(author)
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A particle-level rigid fiber model for high-Reynolds number flow, implemented in a general-purpose CFD code
- 2013
-
In: 8th International Conference on Multiphase Flow ICMF 2013, Korea.
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A particle-level rigid fiber model has been integrated into a general-purpose, open source computational fluid dynamics code to carry out detailed studies of fiber–flow interactions in realistic flow fields. The fibers are modeled as chains of cylindrical segments, and their translational and rotational degrees of freedom are considered. The equations of motion contain the contributions from hydrodynamic forces and torques, and the segment inertia is taken into account. The model is validated for the rotational motion of isolated fibers in simple shear flow, and the computed period of rotation is in good agreement with the one computed using Jeffery’s equation for a prolate spheroid with an equivalent aspect ratio. The model is applied by suspending a number of fibers in the swirling flow of a conical diffuser, resembling one stage in the dry-forming of pulp mats. The Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations with an eddy-viscosity turbulence model are employed to describe the fluid motion, and a one-way coupling between the fibers and the fluid phase is included. The dependence of the fiber motion on initial position and density is analyzed.
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| 5. |
- Andric, Jelena, 1979, et al.
(author)
-
A study of a flexible fiber model and its behavior in DNS of turbulent channel flow
- 2013
-
In: Acta Mechanica. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0001-5970 .- 1619-6937. ; 224:10, s. 2359-2374
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The dynamics of individual flexible fibers in a turbulent flow field have been analyzed, varying their initial position, density and length. A particlelevel fiber model has been integrated into a general-purpose, open source Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code. The fibers are modeled as chains of cylindrical segments connected by ball and socket joints. The equations of motion of the fibers contain the inertia of the segments, the contributions from hydrodynamic forces and torques, and the connectivity forces at the joints. Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations is used to describe the fluid flow in a plane channel and a one-way coupling is considered between the fibers and the fluid phase. We investigate the translational motion of fibers by considering the mean square displacement of their trajectories. We find that the fiber motion is primarily governed by velocity correlations of the flow fluctuations. In addition, we show that there is a clear tendency of the thread-like fibers to evolve into complex geometrical configurations in a turbulent flow field, in fashion similar to random conformations of polymer strands subjected to thermal fluctuations in a suspension. Finally, we show that fiber inertia has a significant impact on reorientation time-scales of fibers suspended in a turbulent flow field.
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| 6. |
- Andrić, J., et al.
(author)
-
Description and validation of a flexible fiber model, implemented in a general purpose CFD code
- 2013
-
In: Proc. 8th Int. Conf. Multiphase Flow.
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A flexible fiber model has been implemented in a general purpose open-source Computational Fluid Dynamics code. The fibers are modeled as chains of cylindrical segments, and all the degrees of freedom necessary to realistically reproduce the dynamics of real fibers, are taken into account. Each segment is tracked individually and their equations of motion account for the hydrodynamic forces and torques from the interaction with the fluid, the elastic bending and twisting torques, and the connectivity forces and moments that ensure the fiber integrity. The segment inertia is taken into account and a one-way coupling with the fluid phase is considered. The model is applied to simulate the rotational motion of an isolated fiber in a low segment Reynolds number shear flow. In the case of a stiff fiber, the computed period of rotation is in good agreement with the one computed using Jeffery’s equation for an equivalent spheroid aspect ratio. A qualitative comparison is made with experimental data for flexible fibers. Further, a generic test case is described and used to validate the energy conservation and the response time of the fiber model concept. These results show that the implemented model can reproduce the known dynamical behavior of rigid and flexible fibers successfully.
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| 7. |
- Aremu, Olatunde, et al.
(author)
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Childhood vitamin A capsule supplementation coverage in Nigeria : a multilevel analysis of geographic and socioeconomic inequities.
- 2010
-
In: Scientific World Journal. - Berkshire, UK : Hindawi Limited. - 1537-744X. ; 10, s. 1901-1914
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is a huge public health burden among preschool-aged children in sub-Saharan Africa, and is associated with a high level of susceptibility to infectious diseases and pediatric blindness. We examined the Nigerian national vitamin A capsule (VAC) supplementation program, a short-term cost-effective intervention for prevention of VAD-associated morbidity for equity in terms of socioeconomic and geographic coverage. Using the most current, nationally representative data from the 2008 Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey, we applied multilevel regression analysis on 19,555 children nested within 888 communities across the six regions of Nigeria. The results indicate that there was variability in uptake of VAC supplement among the children, which could be attributed to several characteristics at individual, household, and community levels. Individual-level characteristics, such as maternal occupation, were shown to be associated with receipt of VAC supplement. The results also reveal that household wealth status is the only household-level characteristic that is significantly associated with receipt of VAC, while neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage and geographic location were the community-level characteristics that determined receipt of VAC. The findings from this study have shown that both individual and contextual socioeconomic status, together with geographic location, is important for uptake of VAC. These findings underscore the need to accord the VAC supplementation program the much needed priority with focus on characteristics of neighborhoods (communities), in addition to individual-level characteristics.
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| 8. |
- Aremu, Olatunde, et al.
(author)
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Socio-economic determinants in selecting childhood diarrhoea treatment options in Sub-Saharan Africa: A multilevel model
- 2011
-
In: ITALIAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS. - London, UK : BioMed Central. - 1720-8424 .- 1824-7288. ; 37:13
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- ackground: Diarrhoea disease which has been attributed to poverty constitutes a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children aged five and below in most low-and-middle income countries. This study sought to examine the contribution of individual and neighbourhood socio-economic characteristics to caregivers treatment choices for managing childhood diarrhoea at household level in sub-Saharan Africa. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanMethods: Multilevel multinomial logistic regression analysis was applied to Demographic and Health Survey data conducted in 11 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. The unit of analysis were the 12,988 caregivers of children who were reported to have had diarrhoea two weeks prior to the survey period. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanResults: There were variability in selecting treatment options based on several socioeconomic characteristics. Multilevel-multinomial regression analysis indicated that higher level of education of both the caregiver and that of the partner, as well as caregivers occupation were associated with selection of medical centre, pharmacies and home care as compared to no treatment. In contrast, caregivers partners occupation was negatively associated with selection medical centre and home care for managing diarrhoea. In addition, a low-level of neighbourhood socio-economic disadvantage was significantly associated with selection of both medical centre and pharmacy stores and medicine vendors. less thanbrgreater than less thanbrgreater thanConclusion: In the light of the findings from this study, intervention aimed at improving on care seeking for managing diarrhoea episode and other childhood infectious disease should jointly consider the influence of both individual SEP and the level of economic development of the communities in which caregivers of these children resides.
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| 9. |
- Bakker, Henriëtte E, et al.
(author)
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Geometry- and rate-dependent adhesive failure of micropatterned surfaces
- 2012
-
In: Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter. - : IOP Publishing. - 0953-8984 .- 1361-648X. ; 24:6, s. 065103-
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The dynamic nature of adhesive interface failure remains poorly understood, especially when the contact between the two surfaces is localized in microscopic points of adhesion. Here, we explore the dynamic failure of adhesive interfaces composed of a large number of micron-sized pillars against glass. Surprisingly, we find a large influence of the microcontact geometry; ordered arrays of these pillars exhibit significantly stronger adhesive properties than equivalent surfaces in which the pillars are disordered. This can be understood with a simple geometric argument that accounts for the number of adhesive bonds that needs to be broken simultaneously to propagate the crack front. Moreover, the adhesive strength in both cases depends largely on the velocity with which the surfaces are separated. This rate dependence is explained on the basis of a semi-phenomenological model that describes macroscopic failure as a consequence of microscopic bond-rupture events. Our results suggest that the dynamics of adhesive failure, in the limit explored here, is predominantly stress-driven and highly sensitive to local geometry effects.
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| 10. |
- Belfrage, Henrik, et al.
(author)
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Assessment and management of risk for intimate partner violence by police officers using the Spousal Assault Risk Assessment Guide
- 2012
-
In: Law and human behavior. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0147-7307 .- 1573-661X. ; 36:1, s. 60-67
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a crime that is present in all countries, seriously impacts victims, and demands a great deal of time and resources from the criminal justice system. The current study examined the use of the Spousal Assault Risk Assessment Guide, 2nd ed. (SARA; Kropp, Hart, Webster, & Eaves, 1995), a structured professional judgment risk assessment and management tool for IPV, by police officers in Sweden over a follow-up of 18 months. SARA risk assessments had significant predictive validity with respect to risk management recommendations made by police, as well as with recidivism as indexed by subsequent contacts with police. Risk management mediated the association between risk assessment and recidivism: High levels of intervention were associated with decreased recidivism in high risk cases, but with increased recidivism in low risk cases. The findings support the potential utility of police-based risk assessment and management of IPV, and in particular the belief that appropriately structured risk assessment and management decisions can prevent violence.
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| 11. |
- Belfrage, Henrik, et al.
(author)
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Measuring the outcome of structured spousal violence risk assessments using the B-SAFER : risk in relation to recidivism and intervention
- 2012
-
In: Behavioral sciences & the law (Print). - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0735-3936 .- 1099-0798. ; 30:4, s. 420-430
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this study, 216 risk assessments conducted by law enforcement officers in a suburb of Stockholm using the Brief Spousal Assault Form for the Evaluation of Risk (B-SAFER) were followed up and correlated to both recidivism and type of protective actions implemented by the police. The results showed high recidivism rates across all risk categories, except in the highest risk group, where the recidivism rate was significantly lower. This finding suggests a poor, and even negative, predictive power of the police risk assessments: the higher the police-assessed risk, the lower the recidivism rate. However, it was clear that the police did very little, or nothing, in cases not assessed as high risk. All resources appear to have been directed to the high-risk cases, which seems to have had a preventive effect. Our results point to the importance of studying the nature and extent of protective actions taken in response to risk assessment, before drawing conclusions about the predictive validity of risk assessment instruments.
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| 12. |
- Bendtsen, Preben, et al.
(author)
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Hazardous drinking concepts, limits and methods : Low levels of awareness, knowledge and use in the Swedish population
- 2011
-
In: Alcohol and Alcoholism. - Oxford, UK : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0735-0414 .- 1464-3502. ; 46:5, s. 638-645
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aims: To investigate the awareness and knowledge of hazardous drinking limits among the general population in Sweden and the extent to which people estimate their alcohol consumption in standard drinks to assess their level of drinking. Methods: A population-based study involving 6000 individuals selected from the total Swedish population was performed. Data were collected by means of a postal questionnaire. The mail survey response rate was 54.3% (n = 3200) of the net sample of 5891 persons. Results: With regard to drinking patterns, 10% of the respondents were abstainers, 59% were sensible drinkers and 31% were classified as hazardous drinkers. Most of the abstainers (80%), sensible drinkers (64%) and hazardous drinkers (56%) stated that they had never heard about the standard drink method. Familiarity with the hazardous drinking concept also differed between the three categories although 61% of sensible and hazardous drinkers expressed awareness of the concept (46% of the abstainers). Knowledge about the limits for sensible drinking was very poor. Between 94 and 97% in the three categories did not know the limit. There was a statistically significant association between having visited health care within the last 12 months and being aware of the standard drink method and the hazardous drinking concept, but not with knowing the hazardous drinking limits. Similarly, there was a significant association between having had at least one alcohol conversation in health care within the last 12 months and being aware of the standard drink method and the hazardous drinking concept, but not with knowing the hazardous drinking limits. Conclusion: The results can be seen as a major challenge for the health-care system and public health authorities because they imply that a large proportion of the Swedish population does not know when alcohol consumption becomes a threat to their health. The current strategy to disseminate knowledge about sensible drinking limits to the population through the health-care system seems to have failed and new means of informing the population are warranted. © The Author 2011. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Medical Council on Alcohol. All rights reserved.
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| 13. |
- Bergström, Jan, 1976-, et al.
(author)
-
Internet-versus group-administered cognitive behaviour therapy for panic disorder in a psychiatric setting : a randomised trial
- 2010
-
In: BMC Psychiatry. - : BioMed Central Ltd. - 1471-244X. ; 10:54
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Internet administered cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is a promising new way to deliver psychological treatment, but its effectiveness in regular care settings and in relation to more traditional CBT group treatment has not yet been determined. The primary aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of Internetand group administered CBT for panic disorder (with or without agoraphobia) in a randomised trial within a regular psychiatric care setting. The second aim of the study was to establish the cost-effectiveness of these interventions. Methods: Patients referred for treatment by their physician, or self-referred, were telephone-screened by a psychiatric nurse. Patients fulfilling screening criteria underwent an in-person structured clinical interview carried out by a psychiatrist. A total of 113 consecutive patients were then randomly assigned to 10 weeks of either guided Internet delivered CBT (n = 53) or group CBT (n = 60). After treatment, and at a 6-month follow-up, patients were again assessed by the psychiatrist, blind to treatment condition. Results: Immediately after randomization 9 patients dropped out, leaving 104 patients who started treatment. Patients in both treatment conditions showed significant improvement on the main outcome measure, the Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS) after treatment. For the Internet treatment the within-group effect size (pre-post) on the PDSS was Cohen's d = 1.73, and for the group treatment it was d = 1.63. Between group effect sizes were low and treatment effects were maintained at 6-months follow-up. We found no statistically significant differences between the two treatment conditions using a mixed models approach to account for missing data. Group CBT utilised considerably more therapist time than did Internet CBT. Defining effect as proportion of PDSS responders, the cost-effectiveness analysis concerning therapist time showed that Internet treatment had superior cost-effectiveness ratios in relation to group treatment both at post-treatment and follow-up. Conclusions: This study provides support for the effectiveness of Internet CBT in a psychiatric setting for patients with panic disorder, and suggests that it is equally effective as the more widely used group administered CBT in reducing panic-and agoraphobic symptoms, as well as being more cost effective with respect to therapist time.
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| 14. |
- Biswas, Animesh, 1978-, et al.
(author)
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Unintentional injuries and parental violence against children during flood : a study in rural Bangladesh.
- 2010
-
In: Rural and remote health. - Deakin West, Australia : Australian Rural Health Education Network. - 1445-6354. ; 10:1
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Introduction: Violence and injuries are under-reported in developing countries, especially during natural disasters such as floods. Compounding this, affected areas are isolated from the rest of the country. During 2007 Bangladesh experienced two consecutive floods which affected almost one-third of the country. The objective of this study was to examine unintentional injuries to children in rural Bangladesh and parental violence against them during floods, and also to explore the association of socioeconomic characteristics.Methods: A cross-sectional rural household survey was conducted in the worst flood-affected areas. A group of 638 randomly selected married women of reproductive age with at least one child at home were interviewed face-to-face using pre-tested structured questionnaires. The chi2 test and logistic regression were used for data analysis.Results: The majority of families (90%) were affected by the flood and were struggling to find food and shelter, resulting in the parents becoming violent towards their children and other family members in the home. Cuts (38%), falls (22%) and near drowning (21%) comprised the majority of unintentional injuries affecting children during the floods. A large number of children were abused by their parents during the floods (70% by mothers and 40% by fathers). The incidence of child injuries and parental violence against children was higher among families living in poor socio-economic conditions, whose parents were of low occupational status and had micro-credit loans during the floods.Conclusions: Floods can have significant effects on childhood injury and parental violence against children. The improvement of socio-economic conditions would assist in preventing child injuries and parental violence.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Bryant, Lia, et al.
(author)
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Location and Unlocation : Examining Gender and Telephony through AutoEthnographic Textual and Visual Methods
- 2013
-
In: International Journal of Qualitative Methods. - : SAGE Publications. - 1609-4069. ; 12, s. 403-419
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Studies on gender and telephony tend to be quantitative and depict the purposes for which women and men use mobile telephones and landlines. Qualitative studies on the topic predominantly rely on face-to-face interviews to examine how telephone use genders space. We suggest these traditional methods of data collection leave unexamined the emotional and social relationships that emerge and are enabled by telephone use which at times reconfigure and gender social spaces. In this article we present a collaborative autoethnographic inquiry based on our own telephone lives. We introduce a reflexive visual and textual methodological design, specifically diary notes, memory work, and photography, developed from our lives as researcher and researched. We examine an important theme in our findings, the physical placement of the telephone and the phone holder’s awareness of the physicality of the telephone, which illustrates the importance of our methodological choices. We show how the placement of the phone by the users both genders space and creates emotional spaces.
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| 17. |
- Dalal, Koustuv, et al.
(author)
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A National Study of the Prevalence and Correlates of Domestic Violence Among Women in India
- 2012
-
In: ASIA-PACIFIC JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH. - Thousand Oaks, USA : SAGE Publications (UK and US). - 1010-5395 .- 1941-2479. ; 24:2, s. 265-277
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This article estimates the national prevalence rate of domestic violence in India and examines the demographic and socioeconomic status of the victims of domestic violence. The study used the Indian National Family Health Survey 3, a cross-sectional national survey of 124 385 ever-married women of reproductive age from all the 29 member states. chi(2) Analysis and logistic regression were used. Lifetime experiences of violence among respondents were as follows: emotional violence, 14%; less severe physical violence, 31%; severe physical violence, 10%; and sexual violence, 8%. Women of scheduled castes and Muslim religion were most often exposed to domestic violence. Womens poorer economic background, working status, and husbands controlling behavior emerged as strong predictors for domestic violence in India. Elimination of structural inequalities inherent in the indigenous oppressive institutions of religion, caste, and the traditional male hierarchy in society could prevent domestic violence.
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| 18. |
- Dalal, Koustuv, et al.
(author)
-
Economic empowerment of women and utilization of maternal delivery care in Bangladesh
- 2012
-
In: International Journal of Preventive Medicine. - : Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (IUMS). - 2008-7802 .- 2008-8213. ; 3:9, s. 628-636
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: Maternal mortality is a major public health problem in low-income countries, such as Bangladesh. Women's empowerment in relation to enhanced utilization of delivery care is underexplored. This study investigates the associations between women's economic empowerment and their utilization of maternal health care services in Bangladesh. Methods: In total, 4925 women (15-49 years of age) with at least one child from whole Bangladesh constituted the study sample. Home delivery without skilled birth attendant and use of institutional delivery services were the main outcome variables used for the analyses. Economic empowerment, neighborhood socioeconomic status, household economic status, and demographic factors were considered as explanatory variables. The chi square test and unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression analyses were applied at the collected data. Results: In the adjusted model, respondent's and husband's education, household economic status, and residency emerged as important predictors for utilization of delivery care services. In the unadjusted model, economically empowered working and microfinanced women displayed more home delivery. Conclusion: The current study shows that use of delivery care services is associated with socioeconomic development and can be enhanced by societies that focus on general issues such as schooling, economic wellbeing, and gender-based discrimination.
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| 19. |
- Dalal, Koustuv, 1969-, et al.
(author)
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Interactions between microfinance programmes and non-economic empowerment of women associated with intimate partner violence in Bangladesh : a cross-sectional study
- 2013
-
In: BMJ Open. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 2044-6055. ; 3:12
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: This study aims to examine the associations between microfinance programme membership and intimate partner violence (IPV) in different socioeconomic strata of a nationally representative sample of women in Bangladesh. Methods: The cross-sectional study was based on a nationally representative interview survey of 11 178 ever-married women of reproductive age (15-49 years). A total of 4465 women who answered the IPV-related questions were analysed separately using chi(2) tests and Cramer's V as a measure of effect size to identify the differences in proportions of exposure to IPV with regard to microfinance programme membership, and demographic variables and interactions between microfinance programme membership and factors related to non-economic empowerment were considered. Results: Only 39% of women were members of microfinance programmes. The prevalence of a history of IPV was 48% for moderate physical violence, 16% for severe physical violence and 16% for sexual violence. For women with secondary or higher education, and women at the two wealthiest levels of the wealth index, microfinance programme membership increased the exposure to IPV two and three times, respectively. The least educated and poorest groups showed no change in exposure to IPV associated with microfinance programmes. The educated women who were more equal with their spouses in their family relationships by participating in decision-making increased their exposure to IPV by membership in microfinance programmes. Conclusions: Microfinance plans are associated with an increased exposure to IPV among educated and empowered women in Bangladesh. Microfinance firms should consider providing information about the associations between microfinance and IPV to the women belonging to the risk groups.
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| 20. |
- Damber, Ulla, 1957-, et al.
(author)
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Differences between overachieving and underachieving classes in reading : Teacher, classroom and student characteristics
- 2012
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In: Journal of Early Childhood Literacy. - : SAGE Publications. - 1468-7984 .- 1741-2919. ; 12:4, s. 339-366
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The main purpose of this study was to examine the classroom, teacher and student factors distinguishing grade three classes performing at higher levels than expected, in relation to socioeconomic status (SES) and language factors, from classes performing below their potential with regard to the same factors. Data from a standardized reading comprehension test and student and teacher questionnaires covering teacher, classroom and student characteristics were collected. The participants were 1,092 grade three classes and their class teachers, from Stockholm, Sweden. By use of regression and a twin-matching procedure, one group of 94 underachieving classes and another group of 94 overachieving classes were formed for comparison. Data about extended voluntary reading, classroom climate, teacher experience and the use of authentic literature were seen to be the main four indicators discriminating between over- and underachieving classes beyond the impact of SES and language background.
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| 21. |
-
Dolt i offentligheten : nya perspektiv på traditionellt källmaterial
- 2011
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Editorial collection (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Vad vilar i det dolda, vad göms i arkivens vrår? Genom tryckfrihetsförordningen 1766 fick medborgare och historiker tillgång till allmänna handlingar och de senaste hundra åren har offentligt källmaterial använts i nästan alla avhandlingar. Det är tillgängligt, bekvämt och självklart. Sällan ställs kritiska frågor om vad det innebär. Till synes oändliga rader av dokument lockar forskarna att vandra i administrationens fotspår, att undersöka vissa teman. Samtidigt skapar sekretess, privatiseringar och myndigheters gallringar stora tomrum och håligheter. Vad hamnar egentligen i arkiven? Uppsatserna i denna bok behandlar riksdagsprotokollen som trycksak och medium, begreppshistoriska och biografiska frågeställningar, manligt och kvinnligt, historiografi och kommunarkivens rikedom. Tillsammans visar de hur nya perspektiv kan locka fram oväntade svar från bekanta källserier, men också att miljontals gulnade trycksidor och snörbundna dossiersamlingar fortfarande ligger där – orörda.
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| 22. |
- Englund, Oskar, 1982, et al.
(author)
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Environmental Impact Assessments: Suitable for supporting assessments of biofuel sustainability?
- 2011
-
Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The European Union requires that 10% of the energy in the transport sector shall come from renewable sources by 2020. In addition, biofuels used for transport need to fulfill certain sustainability requirements set out in the Renewable Energy Directive (RED). To meet these requirements, the EU will need to produce and import large amounts of sustainable biofuels. Therefore, there is a need for ways to verify the sustainability of imported biofuels, so that unsustainable biofuels can be avoided. One strategy may involve analyzing Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) reports (EIRs) conducted for specific biofuel projects. For EIRs to be useful as such information sources they need to be sufficiently comprehensive in relation to the RED but also sufficiently reliable.In this study, 19 biofuel project EIRs are analyzed with respect to how they cover the RED sustainability considerations. In addition, EIA legislation, requirements, quality, and enforcement are discussed to determine not only whether EIRs can be sufficiently comprehensive, but also sufficiently reliable for supporting information to studies intended to assess the sustainability of biofuels, from an RED perspective.Notable differences between EIRs for different types of projects were found. EIRs for projects including both plantation establishment and the construction of a biofuel plant had better RED coverage than EIRs for projects including either the plantations or the biofuel plant. As might be expected, EIAs for “plantation projects” generally leave out features related to biofuel processing, and EIAs for “biofuel plant” projects generally leave out features related to feedstock production.In general, EIA legislation is insufficient and most target countries seem to have rather low potential to enforce legislation. Several additional EIA-related problems need to be overcome in order for EIRs to be regarded as sufficiently reliable information tools.
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| 23. |
- Fall, Andreas B., et al.
(author)
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A physical cross-linking process of cellulose nanofibril gels with shear-controlled fibril orientation
- 2013
-
In: Soft Matter. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1744-683X .- 1744-6848. ; 9:6, s. 1852-1863
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Cellulose nanofibrils constitute the smallest fibrous components of wood, with a width of approximately 4 nm and a length in the micrometer range. They consist of aligned linear cellulose chains with crystallinity exceeding 60%, rendering stiff, high-aspect-ratio rods. These properties are advantageous in the reinforcement components of composites. Cross-linked networks of fibrils can be used as templates into which a polymer enters. In the semi-concentrated regime (i.e. slightly above the overlap concentration), carboxy methylated fibrils dispersed in water have been physically cross-linked to form a volume-spanning network (a gel) by reducing the pH or adding salt, which diminishes the electrostatic repulsion between fibrils. By applying shear during or after this gelation process, we can orient the fibrils in a preferred direction within the gel, for the purpose of fully utilizing the high stiffness and strength of the fibrils as reinforcement components. Using these gels as templates enables precise control of the spatial distribution and orientation of the dispersed phase of the composites, optimizing the potentially very large reinforcement capacity of the nanofibrils.
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| 24. |
- Fall, Andreas, et al.
(author)
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Colloidal Stability of Aqueous Nanofibrillated Cellulose Dispersions
- 2011
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In: Langmuir. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0743-7463 .- 1520-5827. ; 27:18, s. 11332-11338
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Cellulose nanofibrils constitute an attractive raw material for carbon-neutral, biodegradable, nanostructured materials. Aqueous suspensions of these nanofibrils are stabilized by electrostatic repulsion arising from deprotonated carboxyl groups at the fibril surface. In the present work, a new model is developed for predicting colloidal stability by considering deprotonation and electrostatic screening. This model predicts the fibril-fibril interaction potential at a given pH in a given ionic strength environment. Experiments support the model predictions that aggregation is induced by decreasing the pH, thus reducing the surface charge, or by increasing the salt concentration. It is shown that the primary mechanism for aggregation upon the addition of salt is the surface charge reduction through specific interactions of counterions with the deprotonated carboxyl groups, and the screening effect of the salt is of secondary importance.
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| 25. |
- Giritli Nygren, Katarina, et al.
(author)
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Public e-services from inside : A case study on technology's influence on work conditions in a government agency
- 2013
-
In: International Journal of Public Sector Management. - 0951-3558 .- 1758-6666. ; 26:6, s. 455-468
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to discuss the consequences of citizens' increased use of public e-services for agency employees' work situation. Design/methodology/approach: In order to accomplish the purpose of the paper the authors focus on the way in which the increased use of public e-services also implies internal process and routine changes in public administration. The authors analyze work conditions for case officers at a government agency in Sweden by applying occupational ideal types to identify the specific work conditions in the studied case. The case study is based on qualitative data collected with a back office perspective. Findings: The findings indicate a new hybrid organization where the increased use of e-services challenges earlier demands for competence. The transformation of e-government has implications for job codification, rule observation, job specification, and interaction with the general public. Originality/value: The paper extends the knowledge on how the increased use of public e-services affects back-office work conditions, with an increased high level of complexity in work content, but with low level of work autonomy. It argues that studying back-office work conditions is an important management issue in public administration research as well as practice. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
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