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Evolutionary Conservation of Orthoretroviral Long Terminal Repeats (LTRs) and ab initio Detection of Single LTRs in Genomic Data

Benachenhou, Farid (author)
Jern, Patric (author)
Oja, Merja (author)
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Sperber, Göran (author)
Blikstad, Vidar (author)
Somervuo, Panu (author)
Kaski, Samuel (author)
Blomberg, Jonas (author)
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Public Library of Science (PLoS) 2009
2009
English.
In: PLos ONE. - 1932-6203. ; 4:4, e5179
  • swepub:Mat__t
Abstract Subject headings
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  • BACKGROUND: Retroviral LTRs, paired or single, influence the transcription of both retroviral and non-retroviral genomic sequences. Vertebrate genomes contain many thousand endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) and their LTRs. Single LTRs are difficult to detect from genomic sequences without recourse to repetitiveness or presence in a proviral structure. Understanding of LTR structure increases understanding of LTR function, and of functional genomics. Here we develop models of orthoretroviral LTRs useful for detection in genomes and for structural analysis. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Although mutated, ERV LTRs are more numerous and diverse than exogenous retroviral (XRV) LTRs. Hidden Markov models (HMMs), and alignments based on them, were created for HML- (human MMTV-like), general-beta-, gamma- and lentiretroviruslike LTRs, plus a general-vertebrate LTR model. Training sets were XRV LTRs and RepBase LTR consensuses. The HML HMM was most sensitive and detected 87% of the HML LTRs in human chromosome 19 at 96% specificity. By combining all HMMs with a low cutoff, for screening, 71% of all LTRs found by RepeatMasker in chromosome 19 were found. HMM consensus sequences had a conserved modular LTR structure. Target site duplications (TG-CA), TATA (occasionally absent), an AATAAA box and a T-rich region were prominent features. Most of the conservation was located in, or adjacent to, R and U5, with evidence for stem loops. Several of the long HML LTRs contained long ORFs inserted after the second A rich module. HMM consensus alignment allowed comparison of functional features like transcriptional start sites (sense and antisense) between XRVs and ERVs. CONCLUSION: The modular conserved and redundant orthoretroviral LTR structure with three A-rich regions is reminiscent of structurally relaxed Giardia promoters. The five HMMs provided a novel broad range, repeat-independent, ab initio LTR detection, with prospects for greater generalisation, and insight into LTR structure, which may aid development of LTR-targeted pharmaceuticals.

Subject headings

Medical and Health Sciences  (hsv)
Basic Medicine  (hsv)
Microbiology in the medical area  (hsv)
Medicin och hälsovetenskap  (hsv)
Medicinska och farmaceutiska grundvetenskaper  (hsv)
Mikrobiologi inom det medicinska området  (hsv)
MEDICINE  (svep)
Microbiology, immunology, infectious diseases  (svep)
Microbiology  (svep)
Clinical virology  (svep)
MEDICIN  (svep)
Mikrobiologi, immunologi, infektionssjukdomar  (svep)
Mikrobiologi  (svep)
Klinisk virologi  (svep)
Medical Science  (uu)
Medicinsk vetenskap  (uu)

Keyword

Long terminal repeats
hidden markov models
virology
bioinformatics

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