Tuning low work function contacts using molecular donor layers : intermolecular order effects

• Low work function cathodes were created by physisorbed multilayers of acridine orange base and leuco crystal violet on a variety of electrode materials. The resulting work functions have been studied experimentally using photoelectron spectroscopy and calculated using density functional theory and the Integer Charge Transfer model. The resulting cathodes yield work functions in the range between 3.95 eV to 4.3 eV for leuco crystal violet and between 3.2 eV to 4.43 eV for acridine orange base. The range of possible work functions are in excellent agreement with the values predicted for the respective molecules by the ICT model, where intermolecular order and intrinsic molecular dipole moments may strongly influence the socalled integer charge transfer energies and hence the resulting work function at an (hybrid) interface.

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