Occupational Exposure to Trichloramine and Trihalomethanes in Swedish Indoor Swimming Pools: Evaluation of Personal and Stationary Monitoring

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Westerlund, Jessica,1983-Örebro universitet,Institutionen för hälsovetenskap och medicin,Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine; Department of Clinical Medicine (author)

Occupational Exposure to Trichloramine and Trihalomethanes in Swedish Indoor Swimming Pools : Evaluation of Personal and Stationary Monitoring

Article/chapterEnglish2015

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2015-07-07
Oxford University Press,2015
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LIBRIS-ID:oai:DiVA.org:oru-46443
https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-46443URI
https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/mev045DOI
https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-111152URI

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Language:English
Summary in:English

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Funding Agencies:County council of ÖrebroCounty council of VästmanlandCounty council of VärmlandCounty council of Södermanland
Introduction: Chlorination is a method commonly used to keep indoor swimming pool water free from pathogens. However, chlorination of swimming pools produces several potentially hazardous by-products as the chlorine reacts with nitrogen containing organic matter. Up till now, exposure assessments in indoor swimming pools have relied on stationary measurements at the poolside, used as a proxy for personal exposure. However, measurements at fixed locations are known to differ from personal exposure.Methods: Eight public swimming pool facilities in four Swedish cities were included in this survey. Personal and stationary sampling was performed during day or evening shift. Samplers were placed at different fixed positions around the pool facilities, at similar to 1.5 m above the floor level and 0-1 m from the poolside. In total, 52 personal and 110 stationary samples of trichloramine and 51 personal and 109 stationary samples of trihalomethanes, were collected.Results: The average concentration of trichloramine for personal sampling was 71 mu g m(-3), ranging from 1 to 240 mu g m(-3) and for stationary samples 179 mu g m(-3), ranging from 1 to 640 mu g m(-3). The air concentrations of chloroform were well below the occupational exposure limit (OEL). For the linear regression analysis and prediction of personal exposure to trichloramine from stationary sampling, only data from personal that spent > 50% of their workday in the pool area were included. The linear regression analysis showed a correlation coefficient (r (2)) of 0.693 and a significant regression coefficient beta of 0.621; (95% CI = 0.329-0.912, P = 0.001).Conclusion: The trichloramine exposure levels determined in this study were well below the recommended air concentration level of 500 mu g m(-3); a WHO reference value based on stationary sampling. Our regression data suggest a relation between personal exposure and area sampling of 1:2, implying an OEL of 250 mu g m(-3) based on personal sampling.

Subject headings and genre

MEDICIN OCH HÄLSOVETENSKAP Hälsovetenskap Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi hsv//swe
MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES Health Sciences Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology hsv//eng
MEDICIN OCH HÄLSOVETENSKAP Medicinska och farmaceutiska grundvetenskaper Farmakologi och toxikologi hsv//swe
MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES Basic Medicine Pharmacology and Toxicology hsv//eng
exposure assessment
exposure assessment methodology
trichloramine
trihalomethanes
Public health
Folkhälsovetenskap

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Graff, Pål,1973-Örebro universitet,Institutionen för hälsovetenskap och medicin,Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine(Swepub:oru)pgf (author)
Bryngelsson, Ing-LissDepartment of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden (author)
Westberg, Håkan,1949-Örebro universitet,Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik,Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro,Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM)(Swepub:oru)hwg (author)
Eriksson, KåreUmeå universitet,Yrkes- och miljömedicin(Swepub:umu)kaer0037 (author)
Löfstedt, Håkan,1963-Örebro universitet,Institutionen för hälsovetenskap och medicin,Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine(Swepub:oru)hnlt (author)
Örebro universitetInstitutionen för hälsovetenskap och medicin (creator_code:org_t)

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In:Annals of Occupational Hygiene: Oxford University Press59:8, s. 1074-10840003-48781475-3162

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