Possibilities for CO2 emission reduction using biomass in European integrated steel plants

• Iron and steel plants producing steel via the blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF) route constitute among the largest single point CO2 emitters within the European Union (EU). As the iron ore reduction process in the blast furnace is fully dependent on carbon mainly supplied by coal and coke, bioenergy is the only renewable that presents a possibility for their partial substitution. Using the BeWhere model, this work optimised the mobilization and use of biomass resources within the EU in order to identify the opportunities that bioenergy can bring to the 30 operating BF-BOF plants. The results demonstrate competition for the available biomass resources within existing industries and economically unappealing prices of the bio-based fuels. A carbon dioxide price of 60 € t−1 is required to substitute 20% of the CO2 emissions from the fossil fuels use, while a price of 140 € t−1 is needed to reach the maximum potential of 42%. The possibility to use organic wastes to produce hydrochar would not enhance the maximum emission reduction potential, but it would broaden the available feedstock during the low levels of substitution. The scope for bioenergy integration is different for each plant and so consideration of its deployment should be treated individually. Therefore, the EU-ETS (Emission Trading System) may not be the best policy tool for bioenergy as an emission reduction strategy for the iron and steel industry, as it does not differentiate between the opportunities across the different steel plants and creates additional costs for the already struggling European steel industry. © 2018 The Authors

Subject headings

TEKNIK OCH TEKNOLOGIER  -- Maskinteknik -- Energiteknik (hsv//swe)

ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY  -- Mechanical Engineering -- Energy Engineering (hsv//eng)

Keyword

BF-BOF

Bioenergy

Carbon price

Iron and steel

Low-carbon steelmaking

Optimisation

Basic oxygen converters

Biomass

Blast furnaces

Carbon dioxide

Competition

Costs

Economic geology

Emission control

Fossil fuels

Gas emissions

International law

Iron and steel industry

Iron ore reduction

Iron ores

Low carbon steel

Ore reduction

Steelmaking

Steelmaking furnaces

Bio-energy

Low carbon

Optimisations

Iron and steel plants

biochar

carbon emission

European Union

operations technology

optimization

power plant

price dynamics

Energiteknik

Publication and Content Type

ref (subject category)

art (subject category)