Leukocytes, cytokines, growth factors and hormones in human skeletal muscle and blood after uphill or downhill running.

• Muscular adaptation to physical exercise has previously been described as a repair process following tissue damage. Recently, evidence has been published to question this hypothesis. The purpose of this study was to investigate inflammatory processes in human skeletal muscle and epimysium after acute physical exercise with large eccentric components. Three groups of subjects (n= 19) performed 45 min treadmill running at either 4 deg (n= 5) or 8 deg (n= 9) downhill or 4 deg uphill (n= 5) and one group served as control (n= 9). One biopsy was taken from each subject 48 h post exercise. Blood samples were taken up to 7 days post exercise. Compared to the control group, none of the markers of inflammation in muscle and epimysium samples was different in any exercised group. Only subjects in the Downhill groups experienced delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) and increased serum creatine kinase activity (CK). The detected levels of immunohistochemical markers for T cells (CD3), granulocytes (CD11b), leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1beta (HIF-1beta) were greater in epimysium from exercised subjects with DOMS ratings >3 (0-10 scale) compared to exercised subjects without DOMS but not higher than controls. Eccentric physical exercise (downhill running) did not result in skeletal muscle inflammation 48 h post exercise, despite DOMS and increased CK. It is suggested that exercise can induce DOMS by activating inflammatory factors present in the epimysium before exercise. Repeated physical training may alter the content of inflammatory factors in the epimysium and thus reduce DOMS.

Nyckelord

Adolescent

Adult

Antigens; CD/analysis/metabolism

Antigens; CD11b/analysis/metabolism

Antigens; CD3/analysis/metabolism

Antigens; CD56/analysis/metabolism

Antigens; CD95/analysis/metabolism

Antigens; Differentiation; Myelomonocytic/analysis/metabolism

Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Nuclear Translocator

C-Reactive Protein/analysis/metabolism

Creatine Kinase/blood/metabolism

Cytokines/analysis/blood/*metabolism

DNA-Binding Proteins/analysis/metabolism

Exercise Test/methods

Fascia/chemistry/metabolism

Female

Flow Cytometry

Granulocytes/cytology

Growth Substances/*metabolism

Heart Rate/physiology

Hormones/blood/*metabolism

Humans

Immunohistochemistry

Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/analysis/metabolism

Interleukin-6/analysis/blood/metabolism

Isometric Contraction/physiology

Ki-67 Antigen/analysis/metabolism

Leukemia Inhibitory Factor

Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Receptor alpha Subunit

Leukocyte Count

Leukocytes/chemistry/cytology/*metabolism

Lymphocytes/cytology/metabolism

Male

Middle Aged

Monocytes/cytology/metabolism

Muscle; Skeletal/chemistry/metabolism/*physiology

Oxygen Consumption/physiology

Pain/diagnosis/metabolism/physiopathology

Proteins/analysis/metabolism

Receptors; Aryl Hydrocarbon/analysis/metabolism

Receptors; Cell Surface/analysis/metabolism

Receptors; Cytokine/analysis/metabolism

Receptors; OSM-LIF

Regression Analysis

Running/*physiology

Testosterone/blood/metabolism

Transcription Factors/analysis/metabolism

MEDICINE

Publikations- och innehållstyp

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