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Lower-thermosphere-ionosphere (LTI) quantities : current status of measuring techniques and models

Palmroth, Minna (author)
Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland.;Finnish Meteorol Inst, Space & Earth Observat Ctr, Helsinki, Finland.
Grandin, Maxime (author)
Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland.
Sarris, Theodoros (author)
Democritus Univ Thrace, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Xanthi, Greece.
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Doornbos, Eelco (author)
Royal Netherlands Meteorol Inst KNMI, Utrecht, Netherlands.
Tourgaidis, Stelios (author)
Democritus Univ Thrace, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Xanthi, Greece.;Athena Res & Innovat Ctr, Space Programmes Unit, Athens, Greece.
Aikio, Anita (author)
Univ Oulu, Space Phys & Astron Res Unit, Oulu, Finland.,British Antarctic Survey UKRI NERC, Cambridge, England.
Buchert, Stephan (author)
Uppsala universitet,Institutet för rymdfysik, Uppsalaavdelningen
Clilverd, Mark A. (author)
British Antarctic Survey UKRI NERC, Cambridge, England.
Dandouras, Iannis (author)
Univ Toulouse, CNES, CNRS, Inst Rech Astrophys & Planetol, Toulouse, France.
Heelis, Roderick (author)
Univ Texas Dallas, Ctr Space Sci, Dallas, TX USA.
Hoffmann, Alex (author)
European Space Agcy, European Space Res & Technol Ctr, Noordwijk, Netherlands.
Ivchenko, Nickolay, 1976- (author)
KTH,Rymd- och plasmafysik,Royal Inst Technol KTH, Div Space & Plasma Phys, Stockholm, Sweden.
Kervalishvili, Guram (author)
German Res Ctr Geosci, GFZ Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
Knudsen, David J. (author)
Univ Calgary, Dept Phys & Astron, Calgary, AB, Canada.
Kotova, Anna (author)
Univ Toulouse, CNES, CNRS, Inst Rech Astrophys & Planetol, Toulouse, France.
Liu, Han-Li (author)
Natl Ctr Atmospher Res, POB 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 USA.
Malaspina, David M. (author)
Univ Colorado, Astrophys & Planetary Sci Dept, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.;Univ Colorado, Lab Atmospher & Space Phys, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
March, Gunther (author)
Delft Univ Technol, Fac Aerosp Engn, Delft, Netherlands.
Marchaudon, Aurelie (author)
Univ Toulouse, CNES, CNRS, Inst Rech Astrophys & Planetol, Toulouse, France.
Marghitu, Octav (author)
Inst Space Sci, Bucharest, Romania.
Matsuo, Tomoko (author)
Univ Colorado, Ann & HJ Smead Dept Aerosp Engn Sci, Boulder, CO 80309 USA.
Miloch, Wojciech J. (author)
Univ Oslo, Dept Phys, Oslo, Norway.
Moretto-Jorgensen, Therese (author)
Univ Bergen, Inst Phys & Technol, Bergen, Norway.
Mpaloukidis, Dimitris (author)
Democritus Univ Thrace, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Xanthi, Greece.
Olsen, Nils (author)
Tech Univ Denmark, DTU Space, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Papadakis, Konstantinos (author)
Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland.
Pfaff, Robert (author)
NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Heliophys Sci Div, Greenbelt, MD USA.
Pirnaris, Panagiotis (author)
Democritus Univ Thrace, Dept Elect & Comp Engn, Xanthi, Greece.
Siemes, Christian (author)
Delft Univ Technol, Fac Aerosp Engn, Delft, Netherlands.
Stolle, Claudia (author)
German Res Ctr Geosci, GFZ Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.;Univ Potsdam, Fac Sci, Potsdam, Germany.
Suni, Jonas (author)
Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland.
van den IJssel, Jose (author)
Delft Univ Technol, Fac Aerosp Engn, Delft, Netherlands.
Verronen, Pekka T. (author)
Finnish Meteorol Inst, Space & Earth Observat Ctr, Helsinki, Finland.;Univ Oulu, Sodankyla Geophys Observ, Sodankyla, Finland.
Visser, Pieter (author)
Delft Univ Technol, Fac Aerosp Engn, Delft, Netherlands.
Yamauchi, Masatoshi (author)
Swedish Inst Space Phys IRF, Kiruna, Sweden.
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Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland;Finnish Meteorol Inst, Space & Earth Observat Ctr, Helsinki, Finland. Univ Helsinki, Dept Phys, Helsinki, Finland. (creator_code:org_t)
2021-02-25
2021
English.
In: Annales Geophysicae. - : Copernicus Publications. - 0992-7689 .- 1432-0576. ; 39:1, s. 189-237
Related links:
https://doi.org/10.5...
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https://uu.diva-port... (primary) (Raw object)
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https://urn.kb.se/re...
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  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)
Abstract Subject headings
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  • The lower-thermosphere-ionosphere (LTI) system consists of the upper atmosphere and the lower part of the ionosphere and as such comprises a complex system coupled to both the atmosphere below and space above. The atmospheric part of the LTI is dominated by laws of continuum fluid dynamics and chemistry, while the ionosphere is a plasma system controlled by electromagnetic forces driven by the magnetosphere, the solar wind, as well as the wind dynamo. The LTI is hence a domain controlled by many different physical processes. However, systematic in situ measurements within this region are severely lacking, although the LTI is located only 80 to 200 km above the surface of our planet. This paper reviews the current state of the art in measuring the LTI, either in situ or by several different remote-sensing methods. We begin by outlining the open questions within the LTI requiring high-quality in situ measurements, before reviewing directly observable parameters and their most important derivatives. The motivation for this review has arisen from the recent retention of the Daedalus mission as one among three competing mission candidates within the European Space Agency (ESA) Earth Explorer 10 Programme. However, this paper intends to cover the LTI parameters such that it can be used as a background scientific reference for any mission targeting in situ observations of the LTI.

Subject headings

NATURVETENSKAP  -- Fysik -- Fusion, plasma och rymdfysik (hsv//swe)
NATURAL SCIENCES  -- Physical Sciences -- Fusion, Plasma and Space Physics (hsv//eng)

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