Classifying Mixing Regimes in Ponds and Shallow Lakes

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Classifying Mixing Regimes in Ponds and Shallow Lakes

Holgerson, Meredith A. (författare): Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca NY USA

Richardson, David C. (författare): Biology Department SUNY New Paltz New Paltz NY USA

Roith, Joseph (författare): Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science St. Olaf College Northfield MN USA

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Bortolotti, Lauren E. (författare): Institute for Wetland and Waterfowl Research Ducks Unlimited Canada Stonewall MB Canada

Finlay, Kerri (författare): Department of Biology University of Regina Regina SK Canada

Hornbach, Daniel J. (författare): Department of Environmental Studies Macalester College St. Paul MN USA

Gurung, Kshitij (författare): Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science St. Olaf College Northfield MN USA

Ness, Andrew (författare): Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Computer Science St. Olaf College Northfield MN USA

Andersen, Mikkel R. (författare): Centre for Freshwater and Environmental Studies Dundalk Institute of Technology Dundalk Ireland

Bansal, Sheel (författare): U.S. Geological Survey Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Station Jamestown ND USA

Finlay, Jacques C. (författare): Department of Ecology Evolution and Behavior University of Minnesota Saint Paul MN USA

Cianci‐Gaskill, Jacob A. (författare): School of Natural Resources University of Missouri‐Columbia Columbia MO USA

Hahn, Shannon (författare): Department of Environmental Studies Macalester College St. Paul MN USA

Janke, Benjamin D. (författare): Department of Ecology Evolution and Behavior University of Minnesota Saint Paul MN USA

McDonald, Cory (författare): Department of Civil Environmental, and Geospatial Engineering Michigan Technological University Houghton MI USA

Mesman, Jorrit P., 1993- (författare): Uppsala universitet,Limnologi,Department F.A. Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland

North, Rebecca L. (författare): School of Natural Resources University of Missouri‐Columbia Columbia MO USA

Roberts, Cassandra O. (författare): School of Sciences Elizabethtown College Elizabethtown PA USA

Sweetman, Jon N. (författare): Department of Ecosystem Science and Management Penn State University State College PA USA

Webb, Jackie R. (författare): Centre for Regional and Rural Futures (CeRRF) Faculty of Science Engineering and Built, Environment Deakin University Burwood NSW Australia

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2022-07-18
2022
Engelska.
Ingår i: Water resources research. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0043-1397 .- 1944-7973. ; 58:7

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Lakes are classified by thermal mixing regimes, with shallow waterbodies historically categorized as continuously mixing systems. Yet, recent studies demonstrate extended summertime stratification in ponds, underscoring the need to reassess thermal classifications for shallow waterbodies. In this study, we examined the summertime thermal dynamics of 34 ponds and shallow lakes across temperate North America and Europe to categorize and identify the drivers of different mixing regimes. We identified three mixing regimes: rarely (n = 18), intermittently (n = 10), and often (n = 6) mixed, where waterbodies mixed an average of 2%, 26%, and 75% of the study period, respectively. Waterbodies in the often mixed category were larger (≥4.17 ha) and stratification weakened with increased wind shear stress, characteristic of “shallow lakes.” In contrast, smaller waterbodies, or “ponds,” mixed less frequently, and stratification strengthened with increased shortwave radiation. Shallow ponds (<0.74 m) mixed intermittently, with daytime stratification often breaking down overnight due to convective cooling. Ponds ≥0.74 m deep were rarely or never mixed, likely due to limited wind energy relative to the larger density gradients associated with slightly deeper water columns. Precipitation events weakened stratification, even causing short-term mixing (hours to days) in some sites. By examining a broad set of shallow waterbodies, we show that mixing regimes are highly sensitive to very small differences in size and depth, with potential implications for ecological and biogeochemical processes. Ultimately, we propose a new framework to characterize the variable mixing regimes of ponds and shallow lakes.

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Classifying Mixing Regimes in Ponds and Shallow Lakes

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