Role of the microbiome in energy regulation and metabolism

• Intestinal microbes regulate metabolic function and energy balance; an altered microbial ecology is believed to contribute to the development of several metabolic diseases. Relative species abundance and metabolic characteristics of the intestinal microbiota change substantially in those who are obese or have other metabolic disorders and in response to ingested nutrients or therapeutic agents. The mechanisms through which the intestinal microbiota and its metabolites affect host homeostasis are just beginning to be understood. We review the relationships between the intestinal microbiota and host metabolism, including energy intake, use, and expenditure, in relation to glucose and lipid metabolism. These associations, along with interactions among the intestinal microbiota, mucus layer, bile acids, and mucosal immune responses, reveal potential mechanisms by which the microbiota affect metabolism. We discuss how controlled studies involving direct perturbations of microbial communities in human and animal models are required to identify effective therapeutic targets in the microbiota. © 2014 by the AGA Institute.

Ämnesord

MEDICIN OCH HÄLSOVETENSKAP  -- Klinisk medicin -- Gastroenterologi (hsv//swe)

MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES  -- Clinical Medicine -- Gastroenterology and Hepatology (hsv//eng)

Nyckelord

Bile Acids

Energy Expenditure

Gut Microbiota

Obesity

bile acid

article

commensal

diabetes mellitus

endotoxemia

energy

energy balance

homeostasis

human

immune response

insulin resistance

insulin sensitivity

intestine flora

lipid metabolism

metabolism

microbial community

microbial diversity

mucus

nonhuman

physiological process

population abundance

priority journal

regulatory mechanism

Animals

Bacteria

Bile Acids and Salts

Energy Metabolism

Gastrointestinal Diseases

Host-Pathogen Interactions

Humans

Intestines

Microbiota

Probiotics

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