High IQ in Early Adulthood is Associated with Parkinson´s Disease

Fardell, CamillaGothenburg University,Göteborgs universitet,Institutionen för neurovetenskap och fysiologi, sektionen för farmakologi,Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Pharmacology (author)

Background: High education level and high occupational complexity have been implicated as risk factors for Parkinson’s disease (PD). Objective: The objective was to determine whether cognitive capacity, measured as IQ, in early adulthood is associated with the subsequent development of PD. Method: Data on IQ were retrieved from the Swedish Military Service Conscription Registry, comprising Swedish males who enlisted for military service in the period 1968–1993 (N=1,319,235). After exclusion, 1,189,134 subjects in total were included in the present study. Individuals who later developed PD (N=1,724) were identified using the Swedish National Patient Register and the Swedish Cause of Death Register. Results: High education level was associated with PD. High IQ was associated with PD (p<0.0001), both when analyzed as a continuous variable and when divided into three categories. The hazard ratio for the high IQ category compared to the low IQ category was 1.35 (95% confidence interval 1.17–1.55). Strong test results on the subtests, measuring verbal, logic, visuospatial and technical abilities, were also associated with PD. In a subgroup, smoking was inversely associated with PD, as well as with IQ. Conclusions: This study identifies high IQ to be a risk factor for PD.

Torén, Kjell,1952Gothenburg University,Göteborgs universitet,Institutionen för medicin, avdelningen för samhällsmedicin och folkhälsa,Institute of Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine(Swepub:gu)xtorkj (author)
Schiöler, Linus,1977Gothenburg University,Göteborgs universitet,Institutionen för medicin, avdelningen för samhällsmedicin och folkhälsa,Institute of Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine(Swepub:gu)xschli (author)
Nissbrandt, Hans,1952Gothenburg University,Göteborgs universitet,Institutionen för neurovetenskap och fysiologi, sektionen för farmakologi,Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Pharmacology(Swepub:gu)xnisha (author)
Åberg, Maria A I,1972Gothenburg University,Göteborgs universitet,Institutionen för medicin, avdelningen för samhällsmedicin och folkhälsa,Institute of Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine(Swepub:gu)xaberm (author)
Göteborgs universitetInstitutionen för neurovetenskap och fysiologi, sektionen för farmakologi (creator_code:org_t)

In:Journal of Parkinson's Disease: IOS Press10:4, s. 1649-16561877-71711877-718X

By the author/editor: Fardell, Camilla; Torén, Kjell, 19 ...; Schiöler, Linus, ...; Nissbrandt, Hans ...; Åberg, Maria A I ...

About the subject

MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES: MEDICAL AND HEAL ...; and Clinical Medicin ...; and General Practice

MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES: MEDICAL AND HEAL ...; and Clinical Medicin ...; and Neurology

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