How and Why the Gender Pension Gap in Urban China Decreased Between 1988 and 2018.

• Gender gaps in the labor market, in terms of both labor force participation and wages, have increased in urban China since the 1990s. The rights provided by, and the amount of pensions in urban China are determined based on labor force participation and wages. However, this study shows that despite increased gender differences in the urban labor market, the average gender pension gap in China decreased, and did not increase between 1988 and 2018. We describe the evolution of fragmented pension systems in urban China using a quantitative analysis. For the latter, we distinguish between the rates of pension coverage and the average amounts of benefits. A birth cohort analysis was also conducted to better understand why the gender pension gap changed. For the purpose of this study, we used data from the China Household Income Survey, focusing on individuals aged 60 years and older to show how, during the period studied, changes in China’s pension system benefited women more than men.

Ämnesord

SAMHÄLLSVETENSKAP  -- Ekonomi och näringsliv -- Ekonomisk historia (hsv//swe)

SOCIAL SCIENCES  -- Economics and Business -- Economic History (hsv//eng)

SAMHÄLLSVETENSKAP  -- Ekonomi och näringsliv -- Nationalekonomi (hsv//swe)

SOCIAL SCIENCES  -- Economics and Business -- Economics (hsv//eng)

Nyckelord

Pension Gender Gap; Pension Reforms; Time-effect; Cohort-effect; Urban; China

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