Temporal changes in gastrointestinal fungi and the risk of autoimmunity during early childhood : the TEDDY study

Fungal infections are a major health problem that often begin in the gastrointestinal tract. Gut microbe interactions in early childhood are critical for proper immune responses, yet there is little known about the development of the fungal population from infancy into childhood. Here, as part of the TEDDY (The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young) study, we examine stool samples of 888 children from 3 to 48 months and find considerable differences between fungi and bacteria. The metagenomic relative abundance of fungi was extremely low but increased while weaning from milk and formula. Overall fungal diversity remained constant over time, in contrast with the increase in bacterial diversity. Fungal profiles had high temporal variation, but there was less variation from month-to-month in an individual than among different children of the same age. Fungal composition varied with geography, diet, and the use of probiotics. Multiple Candida spp. were at higher relative abundance in children than adults, while Malassezia and certain food-associated fungi were lower in children. There were only subtle fungal differences associated with the subset of children that developed islet autoimmunity or type 1 diabetes. Having proper fungal exposures may be crucial for children to establish appropriate responses to fungi and limit the risk of infection: the data here suggests those gastrointestinal exposures are limited and variable.

MEDICIN OCH HÄLSOVETENSKAP Klinisk medicin Endokrinologi och diabetes hsv//swe
MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES Clinical Medicine Endocrinology and Diabetes hsv//eng
Adult
Autoimmunity
Bacteria
Candida
Child
Child, Preschool
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
Fungi
Gastrointestinal Tract/microbiology
Humans
Probiotics

Stewart, Christopher JBaylor College of Medicine (author)
Smith, Daniel PBaylor College of Medicine (author)
Triplett, Eric WUniversity of Florida (author)
Agardh, DanielLund University,Lunds universitet,Celiaki och diabetes,Forskargrupper vid Lunds universitet,Celiac Disease and Diabetes Unit,Lund University Research Groups,Skåne University Hospital(Swepub:lu)med-dia (author)
Hagopian, William APacific Northwest Research Institute (author)
Ziegler, Anette GPacific Northwest Research Institute (author)
Rewers, Marian JUniversity of Colorado-Colorado Springs (author)
She, Jin-XiongMedical College of Georgia (author)
Toppari, JormaTurku Centre for Biotechnology (author)
Lernmark, ÅkeLund University,Lunds universitet,Celiaki och diabetes,Forskargrupper vid Lunds universitet,Celiac Disease and Diabetes Unit,Lund University Research Groups,Skåne University Hospital(Swepub:lu)endo-ale (author)
Akolkar, Beena (author)
Krischer, Jeffrey PUniversity of South Florida (author)
Vehik, KendraUniversity of South Florida(Swepub:lu)med-krv (author)
Auchtung, Jennifer MUniversity of Nebraska - Lincoln (author)
Ajami, Nadim JBaylor College of Medicine (author)
Petrosino, Joseph FBaylor College of Medicine (author)
Baylor College of MedicineUniversity of Florida (creator_code:org_t)

By the author/editor: Auchtung, Thomas ...; Stewart, Christo ...; Smith, Daniel P; Triplett, Eric W; Agardh, Daniel; Hagopian, Willia ...; show more...; Ziegler, Anette ...; Rewers, Marian J; She, Jin-Xiong; Toppari, Jorma; Lernmark, Åke; Akolkar, Beena; Krischer, Jeffre ...; Vehik, Kendra; Auchtung, Jennif ...; Ajami, Nadim J; Petrosino, Josep ...; show less...

About the subject

MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES: MEDICAL AND HEAL ...; and Clinical Medicin ...; and Endocrinology an ...

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