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  • Livesey, GeoffreyIndependent Nutrition Logic Ltd (author)

Dietary Glycemic Index and Load and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes : Assessment of Causal Relations

  • Article/chapterEnglish2019

Publisher, publication year, extent ...

  • 2019-06-25
  • MDPI AG,2019

Numbers

  • LIBRIS-ID:oai:lup.lub.lu.se:da273550-beee-4422-90ac-a12f442537a4
  • https://lup.lub.lu.se/record/da273550-beee-4422-90ac-a12f442537a4URI
  • https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11061436DOI

Supplementary language notes

  • Language:English
  • Summary in:English

Part of subdatabase

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  • Subject category:for swepub-publicationtype
  • Subject category:ref swepub-contenttype

Notes

  • While dietary factors are important modifiable risk factors for type 2 diabetes (T2D), the causal role of carbohydrate quality in nutrition remains controversial. Dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) have been examined in relation to the risk of T2D in multiple prospective cohort studies. Previous meta-analyses indicate significant relations but consideration of causality has been minimal. Here, the results of our recent meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies of 4 to 26-y follow-up are interpreted in the context of the nine Bradford-Hill criteria for causality, that is: (1) Strength of Association, (2) Consistency, (3) Specificity, (4) Temporality, (5) Biological Gradient, (6) Plausibility, (7) Experimental evidence, (8) Analogy, and (9) Coherence. These criteria necessitated referral to a body of literature wider than prospective cohort studies alone, especially in criteria 6 to 9. In this analysis, all nine of the Hill's criteria were met for GI and GL indicating that we can be confident of a role for GI and GL as causal factors contributing to incident T2D. In addition, neither dietary fiber nor cereal fiber nor wholegrain were found to be reliable or effective surrogate measures of GI or GL. Finally, our cost-benefit analysis suggests food and nutrition advice favors lower GI or GL and would produce significant potential cost savings in national healthcare budgets. The high confidence in causal associations for incident T2D is sufficient to consider inclusion of GI and GL in food and nutrient-based recommendations.

Subject headings and genre

Added entries (persons, corporate bodies, meetings, titles ...)

  • Taylor, RichardIndependent Nutrition Logic Ltd (author)
  • Livesey, Helen F.Independent Nutrition Logic Ltd (author)
  • Buyken, Anette E.University of Paderborn (author)
  • Jenkins, David J.A.Saint Michael's Hospital,University of Toronto (author)
  • Augustin, Livia S.A.Saint Michael's Hospital,Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS - Fondazione G Pascale, Napoli (author)
  • Sievenpiper, John L.University of Toronto,Saint Michael's Hospital (author)
  • Barclay, Alan W.Glycemic Index Foundation (author)
  • Liu, SiminBrown University (author)
  • Wolever, Thomas M.S.University of Toronto,Saint Michael's Hospital (author)
  • Willett, Walter C.Harvard University (author)
  • Brighenti, FurioUniversity of Parma (author)
  • Salas-Salvadó, JordiRovira i Virgili University (URV),Carlos III Health Institute (author)
  • Björck, IngerLund University,Lunds universitet,Institutionen för hälsovetenskaper,Medicinska fakulteten,Department of Health Sciences,Faculty of Medicine(Swepub:lu)inl-ibj (author)
  • Rizkalla, Salwa W.Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital (author)
  • Riccardi, GabrieleUniversity of Naples Federico II (author)
  • Vecchia, Carlo LaUniversity of Milan (author)
  • Ceriello, AntonioIRCCS Multimedica (author)
  • Trichopoulou, AntoniaHellenic Health Foundation, Athens (author)
  • Poli, AndreaNutrition Foundation of Italy (author)
  • Astrup, ArneUniversity of Copenhagen (author)
  • Kendall, Cyril W.C.Saint Michael's Hospital,University of Toronto,University of Saskatchewan (author)
  • Ha, Marie Ann (author)
  • Baer-Sinnott, SaraOldways/ Whole Grains Council (author)
  • Brand-Miller, Jennie C.University of Sydney (author)
  • Independent Nutrition Logic LtdUniversity of Paderborn (creator_code:org_t)

Related titles

  • In:Nutrients: MDPI AG11:62072-6643

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