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Regulation of c-di-...
Regulation of c-di-GMP metabolism in biofilms
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- Jonas, K (author)
- Karolinska Institutet
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- Melefors, O (author)
- Karolinska Institutet
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- Romling, U (author)
- Karolinska Institutet
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(creator_code:org_t)
- Future Medicine Ltd, 2009
- 2009
- English.
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In: Future microbiology. - : Future Medicine Ltd. - 1746-0921 .- 1746-0913. ; 4:3, s. 341-358
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Abstract
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- Cyclic (5´ to 3´)-diguanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) is a small molecule that regulates the transition between the sessile and motile lifestyle, an integrative part of biofilm formation and other multicellular behavior, in many bacteria. The recognition of c-di-GMP as a novel secondary messenger soon raised the question about the specificity of the signaling system, as individual bacterial genomes frequently encode numerous c-di-GMP metabolizing proteins. Recent work has demonstrated that several global regulators concertedly modify the expression of selected panels of c-di-GMP metabolizing proteins, which act on targets with physiological functions. Within complex feed-forward arrangements, the global regulators commonly combine the control of c-di-GMP metabolism with the direct regulation of proteins with functions in motility or biofilm formation, leading to precise and fine-tuned output responses that determine bacterial behavior. c-di-GMP metabolizing proteins are also controlled at the post-translational level by mechanisms including phosphorylation, localization, protein–protein interactions or protein stability. A detailed understanding of such complex regulatory mechanisms will not only help to explain the specificity in c-di-GMP signaling systems, but will also be necessary to understand the high phenotypic diversity within bacterial biofilms at the single cell level.
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