The LOFAR radio environment

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MARC

Offringa, A. R.Rijksuniversiteit Groningen,University of Groningen (author)

The LOFAR radio environment

Article/chapterEnglish2012

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2012-12-06
EDP Sciences,2012
electronicrdacarrier

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LIBRIS-ID:oai:research.chalmers.se:708de5c0-871c-4211-afc1-97835eeafd8a
https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201220293DOI
https://research.chalmers.se/publication/173993URI

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Language:English
Summary in:English

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SwePubSwePub

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Subject category:art swepub-publicationtype
Subject category:ref swepub-contenttype

Notes

Aims. This paper discusses the spectral occupancy for performing radio astronomy with the Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR), with a focus on imaging observations.Methods. We have analysed the radio-frequency interference (RFI) situation in two 24-h surveys with Dutch LOFAR stations, covering 30-78 MHz with low-band antennas and 115-163 MHz with high-band antennas. This is a subset of the full frequency range of LOFAR. The surveys have been observed with a 0.76 kHz/1 s resolution.Results. We measured the RFI occupancy in the low and high frequency sets to be 1.8% and 3.2% respectively. These values are found to be representative values for the LOFAR radio environment. Between day and night, there is no significant difference in the radio environment. We find that lowering the current observational time and frequency resolutions of LOFAR results in a slight loss of flagging accuracy. At LOFAR's nominal resolution of 0.76 kHz and 1 s, the false-positives rate is about 0.5%. This rate increases approximately linearly when decreasing the data frequency resolution.Conclusions. Currently, by using an automated RFI detection strategy, the LOFAR radio environment poses no perceivable problems for sensitive observing. It remains to be seen if this is still true for very deep observations that integrate over tens of nights, but the situation looks promising. Reasons for the low impact of RFI are the high spectral and time resolution of LOFAR; accurate detection methods; strong filters and high receiver linearity; and the proximity of the antennas to the ground. We discuss some strategies that can be used once low-level RFI starts to become apparent. It is important that the frequency range of LOFAR remains free of broadband interference, such as DAB stations and windmills.

Subject headings and genre

NATURVETENSKAP Fysik Astronomi, astrofysik och kosmologi hsv//swe
NATURAL SCIENCES Physical Sciences Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology hsv//eng
filtering techniques
methods: data analysis
removal
interference mitigation
telescopes
astronomy
instrumentation: interferometers
techniques: interferometric
telescopes
rfi

Added entries (persons, corporate bodies, meetings, titles ...)

de Bruyn, A. G.Rijksuniversiteit Groningen,University of Groningen (author)
Zaroubi, S.Rijksuniversiteit Groningen,University of Groningen (author)
van Diepen, G.Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON) (author)
Martinez-Ruby, O.Rijksuniversiteit Groningen,University of Groningen (author)
Labropoulos, P.Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON) (author)
Brentjens, M. A.Rijksuniversiteit Groningen,University of Groningen (author)
Ciardi, B. (author)
Daiboo, S.Rijksuniversiteit Groningen,University of Groningen (author)
Harker, G. (author)
Jelic, V. (author)
Kazemi, S.Rijksuniversiteit Groningen,University of Groningen (author)
Koopmans, L. V. E.Rijksuniversiteit Groningen,University of Groningen (author)
Mellema, G. (author)
Pandey, V. N. (author)
Pizzo, R. F. (author)
Schaye, J. (author)
Vedantham, H.Rijksuniversiteit Groningen,University of Groningen (author)
Veligatla, V.Rijksuniversiteit Groningen,University of Groningen (author)
Wijnholds, S. J. (author)
Yatawatta, S. (author)
Zarka, P. (author)
Alexov, A. (author)
Anderson, J. (author)
Asgekar, A. (author)
Avruch, M.Rijksuniversiteit Groningen,University of Groningen (author)
Beck, R. (author)
Bell, M. (author)
Bell, M. R. (author)
Bentum, M. (author)
Bernardi, G.Rijksuniversiteit Groningen,University of Groningen (author)
Best, P. (author)
Birzan, L. (author)
Bonafede, A. (author)
Breitling, F. (author)
Broderick, J. W. (author)
Brueggen, M. (author)
Butcher, H.Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON) (author)
Conway, John,1963Chalmers tekniska högskola,Chalmers University of Technology(Swepub:cth)jconway (author)
de Vos, M.Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON) (author)
Dettmar, R. J. (author)
Eislöffel, J. (author)
Falcke, H. (author)
Fender, R. (author)
Frieswijk, W. (author)
Gerbers, M. (author)
Griessmeier, J. M. (author)
Gunst, A. W. (author)
Hassall, T. E. (author)
Heald, G. (author)
Hessels, J. (author)
Hoeft, M. (author)
Horneffer, A. (author)
Karastergiou, A. (author)
Kondratiev, V. (author)
Koopman, Y. (author)
Kuniyoshi, M.Max Planck Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. (MPG),Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science (MPG) (author)
Kuper, G.Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON) (author)
Maat, P. (author)
Mann, G. (author)
McKean, J. (author)
Meulman, H. (author)
Mevius, M. (author)
Mol, J. D. (author)
Nijboer, R. (author)
Noordam, J. (author)
Norden, M.Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON) (author)
Paas, H. (author)
Pandey, M. (author)
Pizzo, R.Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON) (author)
Polatidis, A. (author)
Rafferty, D. (author)
Rawlings, S. (author)
Reich, W. (author)
Rottgering, H. (author)
Schoenmakers, A. P. (author)
Sluman, J.Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON) (author)
Smirnov, O.Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON) (author)
Sobey, C. (author)
Stappers, B. (author)
Steinmetz, M. (author)
Swinbank, J. (author)
Tagger, M. (author)
Tang, Y.Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON) (author)
Tasse, C.Observatoire de Paris,Paris Observatory (author)
van Ardenne, Arnold,1948Chalmers tekniska högskola,Chalmers University of Technology(Swepub:cth)ardenne (author)
van Cappellen, W.Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON) (author)
van Duin, A. P.Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON) (author)
van Haarlem, M.Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON) (author)
van Leeuwen, J.Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON) (author)
van Weeren, R. J.Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON) (author)
Vermeulen, R.Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON) (author)
Vocks, C. (author)
Wijers, Ramj (author)
Wise, M. (author)
Wucknitz, O. (author)
Rijksuniversiteit GroningenNetherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON) (creator_code:org_t)

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By the author/editor: Offringa, A. R.; de Bruyn, A. G.; Zaroubi, S.; van Diepen, G.; Martinez-Ruby, O ...; Labropoulos, P.; show more...; Brentjens, M. A.; Ciardi, B.; Daiboo, S.; Harker, G.; Jelic, V.; Kazemi, S.; Koopmans, L. V. ...; Mellema, G.; Pandey, V. N.; Pizzo, R. F.; Schaye, J.; Vedantham, H.; Veligatla, V.; Wijnholds, S. J.; Yatawatta, S.; Zarka, P.; Alexov, A.; Anderson, J.; Asgekar, A.; Avruch, M.; Beck, R.; Bell, M.; Bell, M. R.; Bentum, M.; Bernardi, G.; Best, P.; Birzan, L.; Bonafede, A.; Breitling, F.; Broderick, J. W.; Brueggen, M.; Butcher, H.; Conway, John, 19 ...; de Vos, M.; Dettmar, R. J.; Eislöffel, J.; Falcke, H.; Fender, R.; Frieswijk, W.; Gerbers, M.; Griessmeier, J. ...; Gunst, A. W.; Hassall, T. E.; Heald, G.; Hessels, J.; Hoeft, M.; Horneffer, A.; Karastergiou, A.; Kondratiev, V.; Koopman, Y.; Kuniyoshi, M.; Kuper, G.; Maat, P.; Mann, G.; McKean, J.; Meulman, H.; Mevius, M.; Mol, J. D.; Nijboer, R.; Noordam, J.; Norden, M.; Paas, H.; Pandey, M.; Pizzo, R.; Polatidis, A.; Rafferty, D.; Rawlings, S.; Reich, W.; Rottgering, H.; Schoenmakers, A. ...; Sluman, J.; Smirnov, O.; Sobey, C.; Stappers, B.; Steinmetz, M.; Swinbank, J.; Tagger, M.; Tang, Y.; Tasse, C.; van Ardenne, Arn ...; van Cappellen, W ...; van Duin, A. P.; van Haarlem, M.; van Leeuwen, J.; van Weeren, R. J ...; Vermeulen, R.; Vocks, C.; Wijers, Ramj; Wise, M.; Wucknitz, O.; show less...

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