The LOFAR radio environment

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The LOFAR radio environment

Offringa, A. R. (author): Rijksuniversiteit Groningen,University of Groningen

de Bruyn, A. G. (author): Rijksuniversiteit Groningen,University of Groningen

Zaroubi, S. (author): Rijksuniversiteit Groningen,University of Groningen

van Diepen, G. (author): Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON)

Martinez-Ruby, O. (author): Rijksuniversiteit Groningen,University of Groningen

Labropoulos, P. (author): Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON)

Brentjens, M. A. (author): Rijksuniversiteit Groningen,University of Groningen

Ciardi, B. (author)

Daiboo, S. (author): Rijksuniversiteit Groningen,University of Groningen

Harker, G. (author)

Jelic, V. (author)

Kazemi, S. (author): Rijksuniversiteit Groningen,University of Groningen

Koopmans, L. V. E. (author): Rijksuniversiteit Groningen,University of Groningen

Mellema, G. (author)

Pandey, V. N. (author)

Pizzo, R. F. (author)

Schaye, J. (author)

Vedantham, H. (author): Rijksuniversiteit Groningen,University of Groningen

Veligatla, V. (author): Rijksuniversiteit Groningen,University of Groningen

Wijnholds, S. J. (author)

Yatawatta, S. (author)

Zarka, P. (author)

Alexov, A. (author)

Anderson, J. (author)

Asgekar, A. (author)

Avruch, M. (author): Rijksuniversiteit Groningen,University of Groningen

Beck, R. (author)

Bell, M. (author)

Bell, M. R. (author)

Bentum, M. (author)

Bernardi, G. (author): Rijksuniversiteit Groningen,University of Groningen

Best, P. (author)

Birzan, L. (author)

Bonafede, A. (author)

Breitling, F. (author)

Broderick, J. W. (author)

Brueggen, M. (author)

Butcher, H. (author): Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON)

Conway, John, 1963 (author): Chalmers tekniska högskola,Chalmers University of Technology

de Vos, M. (author): Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON)

Dettmar, R. J. (author)

Eislöffel, J. (author)

Falcke, H. (author)

Fender, R. (author)

Frieswijk, W. (author)

Gerbers, M. (author)

Griessmeier, J. M. (author)

Gunst, A. W. (author)

Hassall, T. E. (author)

Heald, G. (author)

Hessels, J. (author)

Hoeft, M. (author)

Horneffer, A. (author)

Karastergiou, A. (author)

Kondratiev, V. (author)

Koopman, Y. (author)

Kuniyoshi, M. (author): Max Planck Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. (MPG),Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science (MPG)

Kuper, G. (author): Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON)

Maat, P. (author)

Mann, G. (author)

McKean, J. (author)

Meulman, H. (author)

Mevius, M. (author)

Mol, J. D. (author)

Nijboer, R. (author)

Noordam, J. (author)

Norden, M. (author): Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON)

Paas, H. (author)

Pandey, M. (author)

Pizzo, R. (author): Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON)

Polatidis, A. (author)

Rafferty, D. (author)

Rawlings, S. (author)

Reich, W. (author)

Rottgering, H. (author)

Schoenmakers, A. P. (author)

Sluman, J. (author): Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON)

Smirnov, O. (author): Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON)

Sobey, C. (author)

Stappers, B. (author)

Steinmetz, M. (author)

Swinbank, J. (author)

Tagger, M. (author)

Tang, Y. (author): Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON)

Tasse, C. (author): Observatoire de Paris,Paris Observatory

van Ardenne, Arnold, 1948 (author): Chalmers tekniska högskola,Chalmers University of Technology

van Cappellen, W. (author): Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON)

van Duin, A. P. (author): Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON)

van Haarlem, M. (author): Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON)

van Leeuwen, J. (author): Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON)

van Weeren, R. J. (author): Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON)

Vermeulen, R. (author): Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy (ASTRON)

Vocks, C. (author)

Wijers, Ramj (author)

Wise, M. (author)

Wucknitz, O. (author)

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(creator_code:org_t)

2012-12-06
2012
English.
In: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - : EDP Sciences. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 549

Related links:: http://publications.... (primary) (free); show more...; https://www.aanda.or...; https://doi.org/10.1...; https://research.cha...; show less...

Journal article (peer-reviewed)

Abstract Subject headings

Aims. This paper discusses the spectral occupancy for performing radio astronomy with the Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR), with a focus on imaging observations.Methods. We have analysed the radio-frequency interference (RFI) situation in two 24-h surveys with Dutch LOFAR stations, covering 30-78 MHz with low-band antennas and 115-163 MHz with high-band antennas. This is a subset of the full frequency range of LOFAR. The surveys have been observed with a 0.76 kHz/1 s resolution.Results. We measured the RFI occupancy in the low and high frequency sets to be 1.8% and 3.2% respectively. These values are found to be representative values for the LOFAR radio environment. Between day and night, there is no significant difference in the radio environment. We find that lowering the current observational time and frequency resolutions of LOFAR results in a slight loss of flagging accuracy. At LOFAR's nominal resolution of 0.76 kHz and 1 s, the false-positives rate is about 0.5%. This rate increases approximately linearly when decreasing the data frequency resolution.Conclusions. Currently, by using an automated RFI detection strategy, the LOFAR radio environment poses no perceivable problems for sensitive observing. It remains to be seen if this is still true for very deep observations that integrate over tens of nights, but the situation looks promising. Reasons for the low impact of RFI are the high spectral and time resolution of LOFAR; accurate detection methods; strong filters and high receiver linearity; and the proximity of the antennas to the ground. We discuss some strategies that can be used once low-level RFI starts to become apparent. It is important that the frequency range of LOFAR remains free of broadband interference, such as DAB stations and windmills.

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By the author/editor: Offringa, A. R.; de Bruyn, A. G.; Zaroubi, S.; van Diepen, G.; Martinez-Ruby, O ...; Labropoulos, P.; show more...; Brentjens, M. A.; Ciardi, B.; Daiboo, S.; Harker, G.; Jelic, V.; Kazemi, S.; Koopmans, L. V. ...; Mellema, G.; Pandey, V. N.; Pizzo, R. F.; Schaye, J.; Vedantham, H.; Veligatla, V.; Wijnholds, S. J.; Yatawatta, S.; Zarka, P.; Alexov, A.; Anderson, J.; Asgekar, A.; Avruch, M.; Beck, R.; Bell, M.; Bell, M. R.; Bentum, M.; Bernardi, G.; Best, P.; Birzan, L.; Bonafede, A.; Breitling, F.; Broderick, J. W.; Brueggen, M.; Butcher, H.; Conway, John, 19 ...; de Vos, M.; Dettmar, R. J.; Eislöffel, J.; Falcke, H.; Fender, R.; Frieswijk, W.; Gerbers, M.; Griessmeier, J. ...; Gunst, A. W.; Hassall, T. E.; Heald, G.; Hessels, J.; Hoeft, M.; Horneffer, A.; Karastergiou, A.; Kondratiev, V.; Koopman, Y.; Kuniyoshi, M.; Kuper, G.; Maat, P.; Mann, G.; McKean, J.; Meulman, H.; Mevius, M.; Mol, J. D.; Nijboer, R.; Noordam, J.; Norden, M.; Paas, H.; Pandey, M.; Pizzo, R.; Polatidis, A.; Rafferty, D.; Rawlings, S.; Reich, W.; Rottgering, H.; Schoenmakers, A. ...; Sluman, J.; Smirnov, O.; Sobey, C.; Stappers, B.; Steinmetz, M.; Swinbank, J.; Tagger, M.; Tang, Y.; Tasse, C.; van Ardenne, Arn ...; van Cappellen, W ...; van Duin, A. P.; van Haarlem, M.; van Leeuwen, J.; van Weeren, R. J ...; Vermeulen, R.; Vocks, C.; Wijers, Ramj; Wise, M.; Wucknitz, O.; show less...

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NATURAL SCIENCES: NATURAL SCIENCES; and Physical Science ...; and Astronomy Astrop ...

Articles in the publication: Astronomy and As ...

By the university: Chalmers University of Technology

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The LOFAR radio environment

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