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The SOFIA Massive (...
The SOFIA Massive (SOMA) Star Formation Survey. IV. Isolated Protostars
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- Fedriani, Rubén, 1991 (author)
- Chalmers tekniska högskola,Chalmers University of Technology
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- Tan, Jonathan, 1973 (author)
- Chalmers tekniska högskola,Chalmers University of Technology
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- Telkamp, Zoie (author)
- University of Virginia
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- Zhang, Yichen (author)
- RIKEN,University of Virginia
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- Yang, Yao-Lun (author)
- University of Virginia,RIKEN
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- Liu, Mengyao (author)
- University of Virginia
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- De Buizer, James M. (author)
- NASA Ames Research Center
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- Law, Chi Yan, 1990 (author)
- Chalmers tekniska högskola,Chalmers University of Technology
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- Beltran, Maria T. (author)
- Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (INAF)
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- Rosero, Viviana (author)
- National Radio Astronomy Observatory Socorro
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- Tanaka, (author)
- University of Colorado at Boulder,National Institutes of Natural Sciences (NINS)
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- Cosentino, Giuliana, 1990 (author)
- Chalmers tekniska högskola,Chalmers University of Technology
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- Gorai, Prasanta, 1991 (author)
- Chalmers tekniska högskola,Chalmers University of Technology
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- Farias Osses, Juan Pablo, 1987 (author)
- Chalmers tekniska högskola,Chalmers University of Technology
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- Staff, Jan E. (author)
- University of The Virgin Islands
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- Whitney, Barbara (author)
- Space Science Institute
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(creator_code:org_t)
- 2022-12-28
- 2023
- English.
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In: Astrophysical Journal. - : American Astronomical Society. - 1538-4357 .- 0004-637X. ; 942:1
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https://doi.org/10.3...
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Abstract
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- We present similar to 10-40 mu m SOFIA-FORCAST images of 11 isolated protostars as part of the SOFIA Massive (SOMA) Star Formation Survey, with this morphological classification based on 37 mu m imaging. We develop an automated method to define source aperture size using the gradient of its background-subtracted enclosed flux and apply this to build spectral energy distributions (SEDs). We fit the SEDs with radiative transfer models, developed within the framework of turbulent core accretion (TCA) theory, to estimate key protostellar properties. Here, we release the sedcreator python package that carries out these methods. The SEDs are generally well fitted by the TCA models, from which we infer initial core masses M ( c ) ranging from 20-430 M (circle dot), clump mass surface densities sigma(cl) similar to 0.3-1.7 g cm(-2), and current protostellar masses m (*) similar to 3-50 M (circle dot). From a uniform analysis of the 40 sources in the full SOMA survey to date, we find that massive protostars form across a wide range of clump mass surface density environments, placing constraints on theories that predict a minimum threshold sigma(cl) for massive star formation. However, the upper end of the m (*)-sigma(cl) distribution follows trends predicted by models of internal protostellar feedback that find greater star formation efficiency in higher sigma(cl) conditions. We also investigate protostellar far-IR variability by comparison with IRAS data, finding no significant variation over an similar to 40 yr baseline.
Subject headings
- NATURVETENSKAP -- Fysik -- Astronomi, astrofysik och kosmologi (hsv//swe)
- NATURAL SCIENCES -- Physical Sciences -- Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology (hsv//eng)
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Fedriani, Rubén, ...
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Tan, Jonathan, 1 ...
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Telkamp, Zoie
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Zhang, Yichen
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Yang, Yao-Lun
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Liu, Mengyao
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De Buizer, James ...
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Law, Chi Yan, 19 ...
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Beltran, Maria T ...
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Rosero, Viviana
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Tanaka,
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Cosentino, Giuli ...
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Gorai, Prasanta, ...
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Farias Osses, Ju ...
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Staff, Jan E.
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Whitney, Barbara
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- NATURAL SCIENCES
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NATURAL SCIENCES
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Chalmers University of Technology