Conceptualizing the diverse values of nature and their contributions to people

• Humanity confronts multiple socio-environmental crises that are also a values crisis (e.g., biodiversity loss, climate change, emergent diseases) {2.1.1; 2.1.2}. There is consensus that environmental decision-making can be enhanced by being more inclusive of nature’s diverse values {2.1.1}. Yet, understanding nature’s values requires grasping different conceptualizations of the ways people interpret and experience human-nature relationships, such as worldviews informed by different knowledge systems, cultures, languages and disciplines. Better engagement of this diversity offers opportunities to make policies more rigorous, effective and inclusive {2.1.2}. Chapter 2 aims to help decision-makers characterize and assess different conceptualizations of the diverse values of nature and how they are expressed, formed and changed (Figure 2.1). It uses scoping, systematic and critical reviews, complemented with regionally- and thematically balanced case studies to assess academic literature, government policies and indigenous and local knowledge (ILK). Findings provide conceptual background for subsequent chapters and insights for decision-makers to engage, manage and incorporate the conceptual diversity of values in governance frameworks that have impact on nature and its contributions to people (Figure 2.2). Key messages highlight (i) concepts that help diagnose policy-relevant challenges and opportunities and (ii) guidance to use these concepts in solutions to achieve better conceptual, practical and ethical outcomes {2.1}.

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