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How mobility restri...
How mobility restrictions policy and atmospheric conditions impacted air quality in the State of São Paulo during the COVID-19 outbreak
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- Rudke, A. P. (author)
- Federal Technological University Of Paraná,Federal University of Minas Gerais
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- Martins, J. A. (author)
- Lund University,Lunds universitet,Avdelningen för Teknisk vattenresurslära,Institutionen för bygg- och miljöteknologi,Institutioner vid LTH,Lunds Tekniska Högskola,Division of Water Resources Engineering,Department of Building and Environmental Technology,Departments at LTH,Faculty of Engineering, LTH,Federal Technological University Of Paraná
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- de Almeida, D. S. (author)
- Federal University of São Carlos,Federal Technological University Of Paraná
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- Martins, L. D. (author)
- Federal Technological University Of Paraná
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- Beal, A. (author)
- Federal Technological University Of Paraná
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- Hallak, R. (author)
- University of São Paulo
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- Freitas, E. D. (author)
- University of São Paulo
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- Andrade, M. F. (author)
- University of São Paulo
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- Foroutan, H. (author)
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
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- Baek, B. H. (author)
- George Mason University
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- de, T. T. (author)
- Federal University of Espírito Santo,Federal University of Minas Gerais
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(creator_code:org_t)
- Elsevier BV, 2021
- 2021
- English.
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In: Environmental Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0013-9351. ; 198
- Related links:
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http://dx.doi.org/10...
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https://doi.org/10.1...
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Abstract
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- Mobility restrictions are among actions to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and have been pointed as reasons for improving air quality, especially in large cities. However, it is crucial to assess the impact of atmospheric conditions on air quality and air pollutant dispersion in the face of the potential variability of all sources. In this study, the impact of mobility restrictions on the air quality was analyzed for the most populous Brazilian State, São Paulo, severely impacted by COVID-19. Ground-based air quality data (PM10, PM2.5, CO, SO2, NOx, NO2, NO, and O3) were used from 50 automatic air quality monitoring stations to evaluate the changes in concentrations before (January 01 - March 25) and during the partial quarantine (March 16 - June 30). Rainfall, fires, and daily cell phone mobility data were also used as supplementary information to the analyses. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to assess the heterogeneity of the air quality data during and before mobility restrictions. In general, the results demonstrated no substantial improvements in air quality for most of the pollutants when comparing before and during restrictions periods. Besides, when the analyzed period of 2020 is compared with the year 2019, there is no significant air quality improvement in the São Paulo State. However, special attention should be given to the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP), due to the vast population residing in this area and exposed to air pollution. The region reached an average decrease of 29% in CO, 28% in NOx, 40% in NO, 19% in SO2, 15% in PM2.5, and 8% in PM10 concentrations during the mobility restrictions period compared to the same period in 2019. The only pollutant that showed an increase in concentration was ozone, with a 20% increase compared to 2019 during the mobility restrictions period. Before the mobility restrictions period, the region reached an average decrease of 30% in CO, 39% in NOx, 63% in NO, 12% in SO2, 23% in PM2.5, 18% in PM10, and 16% in O3 concentrations when compared to the same period in 2019. On the other hand, Cubatão, a highly industrialized area, showed statistically significant increases above 20% for most monitored pollutants in both periods of 2020 compared to 2019. This study reinforces that the main driving force of pollutant concentration variability is the dynamics of the atmosphere at its various time scales. An abnormal rainy season, with above average rainfall before the restrictions and below average after it, generated a scenario in which the probable significant reductions in emissions did not substantially affect the concentration of pollutants.
Subject headings
- MEDICIN OCH HÄLSOVETENSKAP -- Hälsovetenskap -- Arbetsmedicin och miljömedicin (hsv//swe)
- MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES -- Health Sciences -- Occupational Health and Environmental Health (hsv//eng)
Keyword
- Air pollutants
- Air quality
- Coronavirus disease
- Mobility restriction
Publication and Content Type
- art (subject category)
- ref (subject category)
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- By the author/editor
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Rudke, A. P.
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Martins, J. A.
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de Almeida, D. S ...
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Martins, L. D.
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Beal, A.
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Hallak, R.
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show more...
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Freitas, E. D.
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Andrade, M. F.
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Foroutan, H.
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Baek, B. H.
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de, T. T.
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show less...
- About the subject
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- MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES
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MEDICAL AND HEAL ...
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and Health Sciences
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and Occupational Hea ...
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Environmental Re ...
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Lund University