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Development of an International Odor Identification Test for Children : The Universal Sniff Test
- Schriever, Valentin A. (author)
- Agosin, Eduardo (author)
- Altundag, Aytug (author)
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- Avni, Hadas (author)
- Van, Helene Cao (author)
- Cornejo, Carlos (author)
- de los Santos, Gonzalo (author)
- Fishman, Gad (author)
- Fragola, Claudio (author)
- Guameros, Marco (author)
- Gupta, Neelima (author)
- Hudson, Robyn (author)
- Kamel, Reda (author)
- Knaapila, Antti (author)
- Konstantinidis, Iordanis (author)
- Landis, Basile N. (author)
- Macchi, Alberto (author)
- Mariño-Sánchez, Franklin (author)
- Nováková, Lenka Martinec (author)
- Mori, Eri (author)
- Mullol, Joaquim (author)
- Parma, Valentina (author)
- Philpott, Carl (author)
- Propst, Evan J. (author)
- Rawan, Ahmed (author)
- Sandell, Mari (author)
- Sorokowska, Agnieszka (author)
- Sorokowski, Piotr (author)
- Sparing-Paschke, Lisa-Marie (author)
- Stetzler, Carolin (author)
- Valder, Claudia (author)
- Vodicka, Jan (author)
- Hummel, Thomas (author)
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- (creator_code:org_t)
- Elsevier BV, 2018
- 2018
- English.
- In: The Journal of Pediatrics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-3476 .- 1097-6833. ; 198, s. 265-272
- Journal article (peer-reviewed)
Abstract
Subject headings
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- ObjectiveTo assess olfactory function in children and to create and validate an odor identification test to diagnose olfactory dysfunction in children, which we called the Universal Sniff (U-Sniff) test.Study designThis is a multicenter study involving 19 countries. The U-Sniff test was developed in 3 phases including 1760 children age 5-7 years. Phase 1: identification of potentially recognizable odors; phase 2: selection of odorants for the odor identification test; and phase 3: evaluation of the test and acquisition of normative data. Test-retest reliability was evaluated in a subgroup of children (n = 27), and the test was validated using children with congenital anosmia (n = 14). Results Twelve odors were familiar to children and, therefore, included in the U-Sniff test. Children scored a mean +/- SD of 9.88 +/- 1.80 points out of 12. Normative data was obtained and reported for each country. The U-Sniff test demonstrated a high test-retest reliability (r(27) = 0.83, P < .001) and enabled discrimination between normosmia and children with congenital anosmia with a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 86%.ConclusionsThe U-Sniff is a valid and reliable method of testing olfaction in children and can be used internationally.
Subject headings
- MEDICIN OCH HÄLSOVETENSKAP -- Klinisk medicin -- Pediatrik (hsv//swe)
- MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES -- Clinical Medicine -- Pediatrics (hsv//eng)
Keyword
- olfaction
- children
- smell testing
- Sniffin' Sticks
- olfactory dysfunction
- Psychology
- psykologi
Publication and Content Type
- ref (subject category)
- art (subject category)
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- Schriever, Valen ...
- Agosin, Eduardo
- Altundag, Aytug
- Avni, Hadas
- Van, Helene Cao
- Cornejo, Carlos
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- de los Santos, G ...
- Fishman, Gad
- Fragola, Claudio
- Guameros, Marco
- Gupta, Neelima
- Hudson, Robyn
- Kamel, Reda
- Knaapila, Antti
- Konstantinidis, ...
- Landis, Basile N ...
- Larsson, Maria
- Lundström, Johan ...
- Macchi, Alberto
- Mariño-Sánchez, ...
- Nováková, Lenka ...
- Mori, Eri
- Mullol, Joaquim
- Nord, Marie
- Parma, Valentina
- Philpott, Carl
- Propst, Evan J.
- Rawan, Ahmed
- Sandell, Mari
- Sorokowska, Agni ...
- Sorokowski, Piot ...
- Sparing-Paschke, ...
- Stetzler, Caroli ...
- Valder, Claudia
- Vodicka, Jan
- Hummel, Thomas
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- Karolinska Institutet
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