Opportunistic large array propagation models : A comprehensive survey

• Enabled by the fifth-generation (5G) and beyond 5G communications, large-scale deploy-ments of Internet-of-Things (IoT) networks are expected in various application fields to handle massive machine-type communication (mMTC) services. Device-to-device (D2D) communications can be an effective solution in massive IoT networks to overcome the inherent hardware limitations of small devices. In such D2D scenarios, given that a receiver can benefit from the signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) advantage through diversity and array gains, cooperative transmission (CT) can be employed, so that multiple IoT nodes can create a virtual antenna array. In particular, Opportunistic Large Array (OLA), which is one type of CT technique, is known to provide fast, energy-efficient, and reliable broadcasting and unicasting without prior coordination, which can be exploited in future mMTC applications. However, OLA-based protocol design and operation are subject to network models to characterize the propagation behavior and evaluate the performance. Further, it has been shown through some experimental studies that the most widely-used model in prior studies on OLA is not accurate for networks with networks with low node density . Therefore, stochastic models using quasi-stationary Markov chain are introduced, which are more complex but more exact to estimate the key performance metrics of the OLA transmissions in practice. Considering the fact that such propagation models should be selected carefully depending on system parameters such as network topology and channel environments, we provide a comprehensive survey on the analytical models and framework of the OLA propagation in the literature, which is not available in the existing survey papers on OLA protocols. In addition, we introduce energy-efficient OLA techniques, which are of paramount importance in energy-limited IoT networks. Furthermore, we discuss future research directions to combine OLA with emerging technologies. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

Ämnesord

TEKNIK OCH TEKNOLOGIER  -- Elektroteknik och elektronik -- Kommunikationssystem (hsv//swe)

ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY  -- Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering -- Communication Systems (hsv//eng)

Nyckelord

B5G

Cooperative transmission (CT)

L n 5G

Massive machine-type communications (mMTC)

massive Internet-of-Things (IoT)

Node density

Opportunistic Large Array (OLA)

Propagation modeling

Antenna arrays

Energy efficiency

Equipment testing

Internet of things

Internet protocols

Markov chains

Signal receivers

Signal to noise ratio

Stochastic models

Stochastic systems

Surveys

Cooperative transmission

Deviceto-device (D2D) communication

Emerging technologies

Future research directions

Internet of Things (IOT)

Machine type communications

Propagation behavior

Virtual antenna arrays

5G mobile communication systems

Publikations- och innehållstyp

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