Free-standing supercapacitors from kraft lignin nanofibers with remarkable volumetric energy density

We have discovered a very simple method to address the challenge associated with the low volumetric energy density of free-standing carbon nanofiber electrodes for supercapacitors by electrospinning Kraft lignin in the presence of an oxidizing salt (NaNO3) and subsequent carbonization in a reducing atmosphere. The presence of the oxidative salt decreases the diameter of the resulting carbon nanofibers doubling their packing density from 0.51 to 1.03 mg cm−2 and hence doubling the volumetric energy density. At the same time, the oxidative NaNO3 salt eletrospun and carbonized together with lignin dissolved in NaOH acts as a template to increase the microporosity, thus contributing to a good gravimetric energy density. By simply adjusting the process parameters (amount of oxidizing/reducing agent), the gravimetric and volumetric energy density of the resulting lignin free-standing carbon nanofiber electrodes can be carefully tailored to fit specific power to energy demands. The areal capacitance increased from 147 mF cm−2 in the absence of NaNO3 to 350 mF cm−2 with NaNO3 translating into a volumetric energy density increase from 949 μW h cm−3 without NaNO3 to 2245 μW h cm−3 with NaNO3. Meanwhile, the gravimetric capacitance also increased from 151 F g−1 without to 192 F g−1 with NaNO3.

Herou, ServannQueen Mary University of London, UK; Imperial College London, UK (författare)
Jervis, RhodriUniversity College London, UK (författare)
Shearing, Paul RUniversity College London, UK (författare)
Brett, Dan J. L.University College London, UK (författare)
Baker, DarrenRISE,Bioraffinaderi och energi (författare)
Hosseinaei, OmidRISE,Bioraffinaderi och energi(Swepub:ri)omidho@ri.se (författare)
Tomani, PerRISE,Bioraffinaderi och energi (författare)
Murshed, Mangir M.University of Bremen, Germany; Imperial College London, UK (författare)
Li, YaominUniversity College London, UK (författare)
Mostazo-Lopez, Maria JoseUniversidad de Alicante, Spain (författare)
Cazorla-Amoros, DiegoaUniversidad de Alicante, Spain (författare)
Sobrido, Ana Belen JorgeQueen Mary University of London, UK (författare)
Titirici, Maria-MagdalenaQueen Mary University of London, UK; Imperial College London, UK (författare)
Queen Mary University of London, UKQueen Mary University of London, UK; Imperial College London, UK (creator_code:org_t)

Ingår i:Chemical Science: Royal Society of Chemistry10:10, s. 2980-29882041-6539

Av författaren/redakt...: Schlee, Philipp; Herou, Servann; Jervis, Rhodri; Shearing, Paul R; Brett, Dan J. L.; Baker, Darren; visa fler...; Hosseinaei, Omid; Tomani, Per; Murshed, Mangir ...; Li, Yaomin; Mostazo-Lopez, M ...; Cazorla-Amoros, ...; Sobrido, Ana Bel ...; Titirici, Maria- ...; visa färre...

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