Low paternity in the hornet Vespa crabro indicates that multiple mating by queens is derived in vespine wasps

• Queen mating frequency was studied in the European hornet, Vespa crabro, by analyzing four DNA microsatellite loci in 20 workers from each of 14 nests. Queens were found to be predominantly singly mated (9/14), although double (4/14) and triple mating (1/

Nyckelord

paternity; DNA microsatellites; Vespa; relatedness; non-detection; JAPANESE PAPER WASP; SOCIAL INSECTS; GENETIC RELATEDNESS; COLONY CHARACTERISTICS; SPERM UTILIZATION; HYMENOPTERA; KINSHIP; FREQUENCY; EVOLUTION; WORKERS

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