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  • Arndt, D. S.NOAA NESDIS Natl Ctr Environm Informat, Asheville, NC 28801 USA (author)

State of the Climate in 2016

  • Article/chapterEnglish2017

Publisher, publication year, extent ...

  • 2017
  • printrdacarrier

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  • LIBRIS-ID:oai:DiVA.org:uu-359288
  • https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-359288URI
  • https://doi.org/10.1175/2017BAMSStateoftheClimate.1DOI

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  • Language:English
  • Summary in:English

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  • Subject category:ref swepub-contenttype
  • Subject category:art swepub-publicationtype

Notes

  • In 2016, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth's atmosphere-carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide-continued to increase and reach new record highs. The 3.5 +/- 0.1 ppm rise in global annual mean carbon dioxide from 2015 to 2016 was the largest annual increase observed in the 58-year measurement record. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration at Earth's surface surpassed 400 ppm (402.9 +/- 0.1 ppm) for the first time in the modern atmospheric measurement record and in ice core records dating back as far as 800000 years. One of the strongest El Nino events since at least 1950 dissipated in spring, and a weak La Nina evolved later in the year. Owing at least in part to the combination of El Nino conditions early in the year and a long-term upward trend, Earth's surface observed record warmth for a third consecutive year, albeit by a much slimmer margin than by which that record was set in 2015. Above Earth's surface, the annual lower troposphere temperature was record high according to all datasets analyzed, while the lower stratospheric temperature was record low according to most of the in situ and satellite datasets. Several countries, including Mexico and India, reported record high annual temperatures while many others observed near-record highs. A week-long heat wave at the end of April over the northern and eastern Indian peninsula, with temperatures surpassing 44 degrees C, contributed to a water crisis for 330 million people and to 300 fatalities. In the Arctic the 2016 land surface temperature was 2.0 degrees C above the 1981-2010 average, breaking the previous record of 2007, 2011, and 2015 by 0.8 degrees C, representing a 3.5 degrees C increase since the record began in 1900. The increasing temperatures have led to decreasing Arctic sea ice extent and thickness. On 24 March, the sea ice extent at the end of the growth season saw its lowest maximum in the 37-year satellite record, tying with 2015 at 7.2% below the 1981-2010 average. The September 2016 Arctic sea ice minimum extent tied with 2007 for the second lowest value on record, 33% lower than the 1981-2010 average. Arctic sea ice cover remains relatively young and thin, making it vulnerable to continued extensive melt. The mass of the Greenland Ice Sheet, which has the capacity to contribute similar to 7 m to sea level rise, reached a record low value. The onset of its surface melt was the second earliest, after 2012, in the 37-year satellite record. Sea surface temperature was record high at the global scale, surpassing the previous record of 2015 by about 0.01 degrees C. The global sea surface temperature trend for the 21st century-to-date of +0.162 degrees C decade(-1) is much higher than the longer term 1950-2016 trend of +0.100 degrees C decade(-1). Global annual mean sea level also reached a new record high, marking the sixth consecutive year of increase. Global annual ocean heat content saw a slight drop compared to the record high in 2015. Alpine glacier retreat continued around the globe, and preliminary data indicate that 2016 is the 37th consecutive year of negative annual mass balance. Across the Northern Hemisphere, snow cover for each month from February to June was among its four least extensive in the 47-year satellite record. Continuing a pattern below the surface, record high temperatures at 20-m depth were measured at all permafrost observatories on the North Slope of Alaska and at the Canadian observatory on northernmost Ellesmere Island. In the Antarctic, record low monthly surface pressures were broken at many stations, with the southern annular mode setting record high index values in March and June. Monthly high surface pressure records for August and November were set at several stations. During this period, record low daily and monthly sea ice extents were observed, with the November mean sea ice extent more than 5 standard deviations below the 1981-2010 average. These record low sea ice values contrast sharply with the record high values observed during 2012-14. Over the region, springtime Antarctic stratospheric ozone depletion was less severe relative to the 1991-2006 average, but ozone levels were still low compared to pre-1990 levels. Closer to the equator, 93 named tropical storms were observed during 2016, above the 1981-2010 average of 82, but fewer than the 101 storms recorded in 2015. Three basins-the North Atlantic, and eastern and western North Pacific-experienced above-normal activity in 2016. The Australian basin recorded its least active season since the beginning of the satellite era in 1970. Overall, four tropical cyclones reached the Saffir-Simpson category 5 intensity level. The strong El Nino at the beginning of the year that transitioned to a weak La Nina contributed to enhanced precipitation variability around the world. Wet conditions were observed throughout the year across southern South America, causing repeated heavy flooding in Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Wetter-than-usual conditions were also observed for eastern Europe and central Asia, alleviating the drought conditions of 2014 and 2015 in southern Russia. In the United States, California had its first wetter-than-average year since 2012, after being plagued by drought for several years. Even so, the area covered by drought in 2016 at the global scale was among the largest in the post-1950 record. For each month, at least 12% of land surfaces experienced severe drought conditions or worse, the longest such stretch in the record. In northeastern Brazil, drought conditions were observed for the fifth consecutive year, making this the longest drought on record in the region. Dry conditions were also observed in western Bolivia and Peru; it was Bolivia's worst drought in the past 25 years. In May, with abnormally warm and dry conditions already prevailing over western Canada for about a year, the human-induced Fort McMurray wildfire burned nearly 590000 hectares and became the costliest disaster in Canadian history, with $3 billion (U.S. dollars) in insured losses.

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  • Blunden, J.NOAA NESDIS Natl Ctr Environm Informat, Asheville, NC 28801 USA (author)
  • Dunn, R. J. H.Met Off Hadley Ctr, Exeter, Devon, England (author)
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  • Allan, Richard P.Univ Reading, Reading, Berks, England (author)
  • Allan, RobMet Off Hadley Ctr, Exeter, Devon, England (author)
  • Alvarez, Luis A.Inst Hidrol Meteorol & Estudios Ambientales Colom, Bogota, Colombia (author)
  • Alves, Lincoln M.Inst Nacl Pesquisas Espaciais, Ctr Ciencias Sistema Terrestre, Sao Paulo, Brazil (author)
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  • Andreassen, L. M.Norwegian Water Resources & Energy Directorate, Sect Glaciers Ice & Snow, Oslo, Norway (author)
  • Arce, DayanaUniv Costa Rica, Ctr Geophys Res, San Jose, Costa Rica;Univ Costa Rica, Sch Phys, San Jose, Costa Rica (author)
  • Argueez, AnthonyNOAA NESDIS Natl Ctr Environm Informat, Asheville, NC 28801 USA (author)
  • Arndt, Derek S.NOAA NESDIS Natl Ctr Environm Informat, Asheville, NC 28801 USA (author)
  • Arzhanova, N. M.Russian Inst Hydrometeorol Informat, Obninsk, Russia (author)
  • Augustine, JohnNOAA OAR Earth Syst Res Lab, Boulder, CO USA (author)
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  • Azorin-Molina, CesarUniv Gothenburg, Dept Earth Sci, Reg Climate Grp, Gothenburg, Sweden (author)
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  • Barichivich, JonathanCtr Climate & Resilience Res, Santiago, Chile;Pontificia Univ Catolica Valparaiso, Inst Geog, Valparaiso, Chile;Univ Austral Chile, Inst Conservac Biodiversidad & Terr, Valdivia, Chile (author)
  • Baringer, Molly O.NOAA OAR Atlantic Oceanog & Meteorol Lab, Miami, FL 33149 USA (author)
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  • Bidegain, MarioInst Uruguayo Meteorol, Montevideo, Uruguay (author)
  • Biskaborn, B.Alfred Wegener Inst, Helmholtz Ctr Polar & Marine Res, Potsdam, Germany (author)
  • Bissolli, PeterDeutscher Wetterdienst, WMO RA VI Reg Climate Ctr Network, Offenbach, Germany (author)
  • Bjerke, J.Norwegian Inst Nat Res, Tromso, Norway (author)
  • Blake, Eric S.NOAA NWS Natl Hurricane Ctr, Miami, FL USA (author)
  • Blunden, Jessica (author)
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  • Cheng, Ming-DeanNatl Taiwan Univ, Taipei, Taiwan;Cent Weather Bur, Taipei, Taiwan (author)
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  • Fateh, S.Islamic Republic Iranian Meteorol, Tehran, Iran (author)
  • Fausto, R. S.Geolog Survey Denmark & Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark (author)
  • Feely, Richard A. (author)
  • Feng, Z.FCSD ASGC Pacific Northwest Natl Lab, Richland, WA USA (author)
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  • Flannigan, MikeUniv Alberta, Dept Renewable Resources, Edmonton, AB, Canada (author)
  • Flemming, JohannesEuropean Ctr Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, Berks, England (author)
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  • Folland, ChrisMet Off Hadley Ctr, Exeter, Devon, England;Univ Southern Queensland, Int Ctr Appl Climate Sci, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia;Univ East Anglia, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich, England (author)
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  • Francis, S. D.Nigerian Meteorol Agcy, Natl Weather Forecast & Climate Res Ctr, Abuja, Nigeria (author)
  • Franz, Bryan A.NASA Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD USA (author)
  • Frey, Richard A.Univ Wisconsin, CIMSS, Madison, WI USA (author)
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  • Froidevaux, LucienCALTECH, Jet Propulsion Lab, Pasadena, CA USA (author)
  • Ganter, CatherineBur Meteorol, Melbourne, Vic, Australia (author)
  • Gerland, S.Norwegian Polar Res Inst, Fram Ctr, Tromso, Norway (author)
  • Gilson, JohnUniv Calif San Diego, Scripps Inst Oceanog, La Jolla, CA USA (author)
  • Gobron, NadineEuropean Commiss, Joint Res Ctr, Ispra, Italy (author)
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  • Goni, Gustavo (author)
  • Gonzalez, Idelmis T.Inst Meteorol Cuba, Climate Ctr, Havana, Cuba (author)
  • Goto, A.Japan Meteorol Agcy, Tokyo, Japan (author)
  • Greenhough, Marianna D.Environm & Climate Change Canada, Edmonton, AB, Canada (author)
  • Grooss, J. -U (author)
  • Gruber, Alexander (author)
  • Guard, CharlesNOAA NWS Weather Forecast Off, Mangilao, GU USA (author)
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  • Gutierrez, J. M.CSIC Univ Cantabria, Inst Fis Cantabria, Santander, Spain (author)
  • Haas, C.York Univ, Earth & Space Sci & Engn, Toronto, ON, Canada;Alfred Wegener Inst, Bremerhaven, Germany (author)
  • Hagos, S.Pacific Northwest Natl Lab, FCSD ASGC Climate Phys Grp, Richland, WA USA (author)
  • Hahn, Sebastian (author)
  • Haimberger, LeoUniv Vienna, Dept Meteorol & Geophys, Vienna, Austria (author)
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  • Halpert, Michael S. (author)
  • Hamlington, Benjamin D.Old Dominion Univ, Ctr Coastal Phys Oceanography, Norfolk, VA USA (author)
  • Hanna, E.Univ Sheffield, Dept Geography, Sheffield, S Yorkshire, England (author)
  • Hanssen-Bauer, INorwegian Meteorol Inst, Blindern, Oslo, Norway (author)
  • Hare, JonNOAA NMFS Northeast Fisheries Sci Ctr, Woods Hole, MA USA (author)
  • Harris, IanUniv East Anglia, Natl Ctr Atmospheric Sci, Norwich, NY USA;Univ East Anglia, Climatic Res Unit, Sch Environm Sci, Norwich, NY USA (author)
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  • NOAA NESDIS Natl Ctr Environm Informat, Asheville, NC 28801 USAMet Off Hadley Ctr, Exeter, Devon, England (creator_code:org_t)

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Jimenez, C.
Xiangze, Jin
John, Viju
Johns, William E ...
Johnsen, B.
Johnson, Bryan
Johnson, Gregory ...
Johnson, Kenneth ...
Jones, Philip D.
Jumaux, Guillaum ...
Kabidi, Khadija
Kaiser, J. W.
Kass, David
Kato, Seiji
Kazemi, A.
Kelem, G.
Keller, Linda M.
Kelly, B. P.
Kendon, Mike
Kennedy, John
Kerr, Kenneth
Kholodov, A. L.
Khoshkam, Mahbob ...
Killick, Rachel
Kim, Hyungjun
Kim, S. -J
Kimberlain, Todd ...
Klotzbach, Phili ...
Knaff, John A.
Kochtubajda, Bob
Kohler, J.
Korhonen, Johann ...
Korshunova, Nata ...
Kramarova, Natal ...
Kratz, D. P.
Kruger, Andries
Kruk, Michael C.
Krumpen, T.
Lakatos, M.
Lakkala, K.
Lanckmann, J. -P
Lander, Mark A.
Landschuetzer, P ...
Landsea, Chris W ...
Lankhorst, Matth ...
Lantz, Kathleen
Lazzara, Matthew ...
Leuliette, Eric
Lewis, Stephen R ...
L'Heureux, Miche ...
Lieser, Jan L.
Lin, I-I
Liu, Hongxing
Liu, Yinghui
Locarnini, Ricar ...
Loeb, Norman G.
Long, Craig S.
Loranty, M.
Lorrey, Andrew M ...
Loyola, Diego
Lu, Mong-Ming
Lumpkin, Rick
Luo, Jing-Jia
Luojus, K.
Lyman, John M.
Macara, Gregor
Macdonald, Aliso ...
Macias-Fauria, M ...
Malkova, G. V.
Manney, G.
Marchenko, S. S.
Marengo, Jose A.
Marra, John J.
Marszelewski, Wl ...
Martens, B.
Martinez-Gueingl ...
Massom, Robert A ...
Mathis, Jeremy T ...
May, Linda
Mayer, Michael
Mazloff, Matthew
McBride, Charlot ...
McCabe, M. F.
McCarthy, Gerard
McCarthy, M.
McDonagh, Elaine ...
McGree, Simon
McVicar, Tim R.
Mears, Carl A.
Meier, W.
Mekonnen, A.
Menezes, V. V.
Mengistu Tsidu, ...
Menzel, W. Paul
Merchant, Christ ...
Meredith, Michae ...
Merrifield, Mark ...
Minnis, Patrick
Miralles, Diego ...
Mistelbauer, T.
Mitchum, Gary T.
Mitro, Srkani
Monselesan, Didi ...
Montzka, Stephen ...
Mora, Natalie
Morice, Colin
Morrow, Blair
Mote, T.
Mudryk, L.
Muehle, Jens
Mullan, A. Brett
Mueller, R.
Nash, Eric R.
Nerem, R. Steven
Newman, Louise
Newman, Paul A.
Nieto, Juan Jose
Noetzli, Jeannet ...
O'Neel, S.
Osborn, Tim J.
Overland, J.
Oyunjargal, Lamj ...
Parinussa, Rober ...
Park, E-hyung
Pasch, Richard J ...
Pascual-Ramirez, ...
Paterson, Andrew ...
Pearce, Petra R.
Pellichero, V.
Pelto, Mauri S.
Peng, Liang
Perkins-Kirkpatr ...
Perovich, D.
Petropavlovskikh ...
Pezza, Alexandre ...
Phillips, C.
Phillips, David
Phoenix, G.
Pinty, Bernard
Pitts, Michael C ...
Pons, M. R.
Porter, Avalon O ...
Quintana, Juan
Rahimzadeh, Fate ...
Rajeevan, Madhav ...
Rayner, Darren
Raynolds, M. K.
Razuvaev, Vyache ...
Read, Peter
Reagan, James
Reid, Phillip
Reimer, Christop ...
Remy, Samuel
Renwick, James A ...
Revadekar, Jayas ...
Richter-Menge, J ...
Rimmer, Alon
Robinson, David ...
Rodell, Matthew
Rollenbeck, Ruet ...
Romanovsky, Vlad ...
Ronchail, Josyan ...
Roquet, F.
Rosenlof, Karen ...
Roth, Chris
Rusak, James A.
Sallee, Jean-Bap ...
Sanchez-Lugo, Ah ...
Santee, Michelle ...
Sarmiento, Jorge ...
Sawaengphokhai, ...
Sayouri, Amal
Scambos, Ted A.
Schemm, Jae
Schladow, S. Geo ...
Schmid, Claudia
Schmid, Martin
Schoeneich, P.
Schreck, Carl J. ...
Schuur, Ted
Selkirk, H. B.
Send, Uwe
Sensoy, Serhat
Sharp, M.
Shi, Lei
Shiklomanov, Nik ...
Shimaraeva, Svet ...
Siegel, David A.
Signorini, Sergi ...
Silov, Eugene
Sima, Fatou
Simmons, Adrian ...
Smeed, David A.
Smeets, C. J. P. ...
Smith, Adam
Smith, Sharon L.
Soden, B.
Spence, Jaquelin ...
Srivastava, A. K ...
Stackhouse, Paul ...
Stammerjohn, Sha ...
Steinbrecht, Wol ...
Stella, Jose L.
Stennett-Brown, ...
Stephenson, Tann ...
Strahan, Susan
Streletskiy, Dim ...
Sun-Mack, Sunny
Swart, Sebastiaa ...
Sweet, William
Tamar, Gerard
Taylor, Michael ...
Tedesco, M.
Thoman, R. L.
Thompson, L.
Thompson, Philip ...
Timmermans, M. - ...
Timofeev, Maxim ...
Tirnanes, Joaqui ...
Tobin, Skie
Trachte, Katja
Trewin, Blair C.
Trotman, Adrian ...
Tschudi, M.
Tweedy, Olga
van As, D.
van de Wal, R. S ...
van der Schalie, ...
van der Schrier, ...
van der Werf, Gu ...
van Meerbeeck, C ...
Velicogna, I.
Verburg, Piet
Vieira, G.
Vincent, Lucie A ...
Voemel, Holger
Vose, Russell S.
Wagner, Wolfgang
Wahlin, Anna
Walker, D. A.
Walsh, J.
Wang, Bin
Wang, Chunzai
Wang, Junhong
Wang, Lei
Wang, M.
Wang, Sheng-Hung
Wanninkhof, Rik
Watanabe, Shohei
Weber, Mark
Weller, Robert A ...
Weyhenmeyer, Ges ...
Whitewood, Rober ...
Wiese, David N.
Wijffels, Susan ...
Wilber, Anne C.
Wild, Jeanette D ...
Willett, Kate M.
Willie, Shem
Willis, Josh K.
Wolken, G.
Wong, Takmeng
Wood, E. F.
Woolway, R. Iest ...
Wouters, B.
Xue, Yan
Yim, So-Young
Yin, Xungang
Yu, Lisan
Zambrano, Eduard ...
Zhang, Huai-Min
Zhang, Peiqun
Zhao, Guanguo
Zhao, Lin
Ziemke, Jerry R.
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About the subject
NATURAL SCIENCES
NATURAL SCIENCES
and Earth and Relate ...
and Climate Research
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Bulletin of The ...
By the university
Uppsala University

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