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Costs of inducible ...
Costs of inducible defence along a resource gradient.
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- Brönmark, Christer (author)
- Lund University,Lunds universitet,Enhet akvatisk ekologi,Biologiska institutionen,Naturvetenskapliga fakulteten,Division aquatic ecology,Department of Biology,Faculty of Science
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- Lakowitz, Thomas (author)
- Lund University,Lunds universitet,Biologiska institutionen,Naturvetenskapliga fakulteten,Department of Biology,Faculty of Science
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- Nilsson, Anders (author)
- Lund University,Lunds universitet,Enhet akvatisk ekologi,Biologiska institutionen,Naturvetenskapliga fakulteten,Division aquatic ecology,Department of Biology,Faculty of Science
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- Ahlgren, Johan (author)
- Lund University,Lunds universitet,Enhet akvatisk ekologi,Biologiska institutionen,Naturvetenskapliga fakulteten,Division aquatic ecology,Department of Biology,Faculty of Science
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- Lennartsdotter, Charlotte, 1967 (author)
- Gothenburg University,Göteborgs universitet,Institutionen för biologi och miljövetenskap,Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences,Lund University
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- Hollander, Johan (author)
- Lund University,Lunds universitet,Enhet akvatisk ekologi,Biologiska institutionen,Naturvetenskapliga fakulteten,Division aquatic ecology,Department of Biology,Faculty of Science
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(creator_code:org_t)
- 2012-01-24
- 2012
- English.
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In: PloS one. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 7:1
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Abstract
Subject headings
Close
- In addition to having constitutive defence traits, many organisms also respond to predation by phenotypic plasticity. In order for plasticity to be adaptive, induced defences should incur a benefit to the organism in, for example, decreased risk of predation. However, the production of defence traits may include costs in fitness components such as growth, time to reproduction, or fecundity. To test the hypothesis that the expression of phenotypic plasticity incurs costs, we performed a common garden experiment with a freshwater snail, Radix balthica, a species known to change morphology in the presence of molluscivorous fish. We measured a number of predator-induced morphological and behavioural defence traits in snails that we reared in the presence or absence of chemical cues from fish. Further, we quantified the costs of plasticity in fitness characters related to fecundity and growth. Since plastic responses may be inhibited under limited resource conditions, we reared snails in different densities and thereby levels of competition. Snails exposed to predator cues grew rounder and thicker shells, traits confirmed to be adaptive in environments with fish. Defence traits were consistently expressed independent of density, suggesting strong selection from predatory molluscivorous fish. However, the expression of defence traits resulted in reduced growth rate and fecundity, particularly with limited resources. Our results suggest full defence in predator related traits regardless of resource availability, and costs of defence consequently paid in traits related to fitness.
Subject headings
- NATURVETENSKAP -- Biologi -- Evolutionsbiologi (hsv//swe)
- NATURAL SCIENCES -- Biological Sciences -- Evolutionary Biology (hsv//eng)
- NATURVETENSKAP -- Biologi -- Ekologi (hsv//swe)
- NATURAL SCIENCES -- Biological Sciences -- Ecology (hsv//eng)
- NATURVETENSKAP -- Biologi -- Zoologi (hsv//swe)
- NATURAL SCIENCES -- Biological Sciences -- Zoology (hsv//eng)
- NATURVETENSKAP -- Biologi (hsv//swe)
- NATURAL SCIENCES -- Biological Sciences (hsv//eng)
Keyword
- Adaptation
- Biological
- genetics
- physiology
- Animals
- Behavior
- Animal
- physiology
- Defense Mechanisms
- Escape Reaction
- physiology
- Fishes
- physiology
- Food Chain
- Food Supply
- Genetic Fitness
- physiology
- Quantitative Trait
- Heritable
- Selection
- Genetic
- genetics
- physiology
- Snails
- anatomy & histology
- genetics
- physiology
- Biology
Publication and Content Type
- ref (subject category)
- art (subject category)
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