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Dietary Glycemic In...
Dietary Glycemic Index and Load and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes : Assessment of Causal Relations
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- Livesey, Geoffrey (author)
- Independent Nutrition Logic Ltd
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- Taylor, Richard (author)
- Independent Nutrition Logic Ltd
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- Livesey, Helen F. (author)
- Independent Nutrition Logic Ltd
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- Buyken, Anette E. (author)
- University of Paderborn
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- Jenkins, David J.A. (author)
- Saint Michael's Hospital,University of Toronto
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- Augustin, Livia S.A. (author)
- Saint Michael's Hospital,Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS - Fondazione G Pascale, Napoli
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- Sievenpiper, John L. (author)
- University of Toronto,Saint Michael's Hospital
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- Barclay, Alan W. (author)
- Glycemic Index Foundation
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- Liu, Simin (author)
- Brown University
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- Wolever, Thomas M.S. (author)
- University of Toronto,Saint Michael's Hospital
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- Willett, Walter C. (author)
- Harvard University
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- Brighenti, Furio (author)
- University of Parma
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- Salas-Salvadó, Jordi (author)
- Rovira i Virgili University (URV),Carlos III Health Institute
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- Björck, Inger (author)
- Lund University,Lunds universitet,Institutionen för hälsovetenskaper,Medicinska fakulteten,Department of Health Sciences,Faculty of Medicine
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- Rizkalla, Salwa W. (author)
- Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital
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- Riccardi, Gabriele (author)
- University of Naples Federico II
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- Vecchia, Carlo La (author)
- University of Milan
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- Ceriello, Antonio (author)
- IRCCS Multimedica
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- Trichopoulou, Antonia (author)
- Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens
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- Poli, Andrea (author)
- Nutrition Foundation of Italy
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- Astrup, Arne (author)
- University of Copenhagen
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- Kendall, Cyril W.C. (author)
- Saint Michael's Hospital,University of Toronto,University of Saskatchewan
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Ha, Marie Ann (author)
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- Baer-Sinnott, Sara (author)
- Oldways/ Whole Grains Council
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- Brand-Miller, Jennie C. (author)
- University of Sydney
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(creator_code:org_t)
- 2019-06-25
- 2019
- English.
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In: Nutrients. - : MDPI AG. - 2072-6643. ; 11:6
- Related links:
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http://dx.doi.org/10... (free)
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https://res.mdpi.com...
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https://lup.lub.lu.s...
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https://doi.org/10.3...
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Abstract
Subject headings
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- While dietary factors are important modifiable risk factors for type 2 diabetes (T2D), the causal role of carbohydrate quality in nutrition remains controversial. Dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) have been examined in relation to the risk of T2D in multiple prospective cohort studies. Previous meta-analyses indicate significant relations but consideration of causality has been minimal. Here, the results of our recent meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies of 4 to 26-y follow-up are interpreted in the context of the nine Bradford-Hill criteria for causality, that is: (1) Strength of Association, (2) Consistency, (3) Specificity, (4) Temporality, (5) Biological Gradient, (6) Plausibility, (7) Experimental evidence, (8) Analogy, and (9) Coherence. These criteria necessitated referral to a body of literature wider than prospective cohort studies alone, especially in criteria 6 to 9. In this analysis, all nine of the Hill's criteria were met for GI and GL indicating that we can be confident of a role for GI and GL as causal factors contributing to incident T2D. In addition, neither dietary fiber nor cereal fiber nor wholegrain were found to be reliable or effective surrogate measures of GI or GL. Finally, our cost-benefit analysis suggests food and nutrition advice favors lower GI or GL and would produce significant potential cost savings in national healthcare budgets. The high confidence in causal associations for incident T2D is sufficient to consider inclusion of GI and GL in food and nutrient-based recommendations.
Subject headings
- MEDICIN OCH HÄLSOVETENSKAP -- Hälsovetenskap -- Näringslära (hsv//swe)
- MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES -- Health Sciences -- Nutrition and Dietetics (hsv//eng)
- MEDICIN OCH HÄLSOVETENSKAP -- Klinisk medicin -- Endokrinologi och diabetes (hsv//swe)
- MEDICAL AND HEALTH SCIENCES -- Clinical Medicine -- Endocrinology and Diabetes (hsv//eng)
Keyword
- alcohol
- causation
- cohort studies
- diabetes
- dietary fiber
- epidemiology
- glycemic index
- glycemic load
- meta-analysis
- public health
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Livesey, Geoffre ...
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Taylor, Richard
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Livesey, Helen F ...
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Buyken, Anette E ...
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Jenkins, David J ...
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Augustin, Livia ...
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Sievenpiper, Joh ...
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Barclay, Alan W.
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Liu, Simin
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Wolever, Thomas ...
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Willett, Walter ...
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Brighenti, Furio
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Salas-Salvadó, J ...
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Björck, Inger
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Rizkalla, Salwa ...
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Riccardi, Gabrie ...
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Vecchia, Carlo L ...
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Ceriello, Antoni ...
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Trichopoulou, An ...
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Poli, Andrea
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Astrup, Arne
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Kendall, Cyril W ...
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Ha, Marie Ann
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Baer-Sinnott, Sa ...
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Brand-Miller, Je ...
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Nutrients
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Lund University